Clinical Pathology

Question 1

What is the mechanism causing Heinz bodies in erythrocytes?

Answer 1

RBC membrane oxidation and denature of hemoglobin

Question 2

How do you calculate anion gap?

Answer 2

AG = Cations - Anions
AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3-)
Normal range 12-24

Question 3

Total body water, ECF %

Answer 3

1/3 (20%)

Question 4

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase and where does it work?

Answer 4

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H2CO3 to CO2 and H20

Inside of RBC’s

Question 5

What is a blood biochemical change justifying iron administration?

Answer 5

Decreased saturation of transferrin

Question 6

What is a physiologic response to metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 6

Hypoventilation

Question 7

What is the function of microRNA?

Answer 7

Suppression of gene expression

Question 8

Effect of alvelolar PO2<70mmHg in lung (bronchoconstriction, bronchodilation, vasoconstriction, vasodilation)

Answer 8

Vasoconstriction - to shunt the blood towards more aerated lung

Question 9

What are the clinical signs of ciliary dyskinesia?

Answer 9

Chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections

Question 10

What does mRNA do?

Answer 10

Carries the genetic code (a copy on of DNA in RNA form) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to the ribosome to control the formation of proteins

Question 11

What is the main form of CO2 in the blood?

Answer 11

Bicarbonate

Question 12

What are some causes of an increased anion gap?

Answer 12

Anaerobic exercise (tissue hypoxia), uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, ethylene glycol intoxication, salicylate intoxication, and other unusual intoxications

Question 13

What causes falsely decreased iCa?

Answer 13

Alkalosis

Question 14

What is the major protein that carries Cu in the blood?

Answer 14

Ceruloplasmin

Question 15

What are causes of pseudohyperkalemia?

Answer 15

Thrombocytosis, hemolysis, leukocytosis