Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM LAM1 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The large airways include?

A

Nasal passages
Larynx
Trachea
Major bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the small airways?

A

Small bronchi

Bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pressure of the pulmonary arteries at rest vs during exercise?

A

PAP at rest= 25-30 mmHg

During exercise= 125 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/f: Rate of respiration is coupled to foot fall in a 1:1 ratio

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

At rest the upper airway continues 2/3 of total airway resistance. During exercise the airway can contribute up to 80% of total airway resistance. What accounts for this difference?

A

Dynamic airway collapse as airway pressure becomes more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for horses

A

8-12bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Abdominal press indicates (expiratory/inspiratory) difficulty and is a sign of (upper/lower) airway deficiency

A

Expiratory; lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

An extended head and neck indicates (expiratory/inspiratory) difficulty and is a sign of (upper/lower) airway dysfuntion

A

Inspiratory; upper (obstruction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What clinical sign can indicate pleural pain?

A

Abducted elbows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a tracheal rattle indicate?

A

Exudate in trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can you assess if there is irritation of the trachea?

A

Palpation elicits a cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the borders of the auscultation field of the lungs?

A

17th ICS at tuber coxae
16th ICS at tuber ischial

13th ICS at mid thorax

11th ICS at shoulder
5th ICS at elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What disease will you consider is your lung fields are expanded on auscultation ?

A

COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What diseases will you consider if your lung fields are decreased on auscultation?

A

Pulmonary consolidation
Pleural effusion
Diaphragmatic hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Crackles are associated with what occurrence in the lungs?

A

Short explosive sounds due to bubbling secretions OR sudden opening of collapsed airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Wheezes are an abnormal lung sound associated with occurrence of what in the lungs??

A

Narrowing of the airways generated by oscillation of the bronchial and bronchiolar walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What would you suspect if you have absent or radiating cardiac sounds?

A

Pleural effusion

Consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

You do a percussion on the thorax and get a dull sounds back… what could this mean? And how could you differentiate between these causes?

A

Fluid accumulation OR increased tissue density

Fluid accumulation will have a well demarcated horizontal “fluid line” across thorax where the tone ventrally is dull but it is not dorsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Localized ares of diminished sounds on percussion could have what DDX?

A

Fibrin accumulation
Adhesions
Pulmonary consolidation

If focal - superficial pulmonary abscessation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F: rebreathing procedure is indicated for all horses for compete pulmonary auscultation

A

True

21
Q

You do a rebreathing procedure on a horse and the rate and depth of inspiration increases, lung sounds are accentuated.. what is the pathology?

A

None here.. this is normal

22
Q

You do a rebreathing procedure on a horse.. it develops coughing, anxiousness, and respiratory distress.. is this a normal response or abnormal?

A

Abnormal — pulmonary pathology present

23
Q

What are you looking for on a CBC in a horse with respiratory problems??

A

Infection ? — neutrophilic leukocytosis
Fibrinogen? — inflammatory vs not; chronic vs acute; severity
Blood gases — O2 vs CO2 tensions

24
Q

What is the most relevant method of diagnosing upper airway disease?

A

Endoscopy

25
Q

How many large cassette view do you need to radiograph an entire horse chest?

A

4

26
Q

US on the thoracic cavity shows a focal, densely shadowing, bring interface surrounded by a fluid pocket of echogenic fluid.. what would you suspect as your DDX?

A

Foreign bodies

27
Q

US shows anechoic fluid in the pleural space.. what could cause this?

A

Non-septic (viral induced) uncomplicated effusion
Heart failure
Malignancy

28
Q

US shows bright echos within pleural fluid.. what could cause this???

A

Presence of gas. —> fistula or anaerobic bacteria

29
Q

Increased echogenicity within the pleural space indicates?

A

Increased cell count (WBC/ RBC) or fibrin

30
Q

What can you see on ultrasound that can indicate a “dry pleuritis” ?

A

Spastic movement of the lung along the parietal pleura (not a smooth motion)

Detection of irregular lung surface —> “comet tail” artifacts

31
Q

Lung is hyperechoic with focal areas of hyperechogenicity.. what is going on?

A

Collapsed lung - atelectasis and puss

32
Q

How can you tell the difference between a consolidated lung and an atelectasis on ultrasound?

A

Consolidated lung - rounded borders -> two convex borders meeting

Atelectic lung —> very sharp concave, convex borders with reduced volume

33
Q

Hypoechoic foci in the lungs indicate?

A

Areas of pus or inflammatory fluid accumulation

34
Q

Hyperechoic areas in the lung can indicate?

A

Areas of fibrosis

35
Q

An irregularly shaped air-filled region surrounded by hypoechoic lung is characteristic of???

A

Abscessation filled with anaerobes

36
Q

What method do you use for transtracheal wash?

A

Sterile technique
Go into trachea just above the bifurcation of the sternothyroideus muscle
Inject 60cc saline to wash and aspirate back

37
Q

T/F: you can culture a sample from a transtracheal wash

A

True

38
Q

What test is indicated for local/focal disease ?

A. Bronchoalveolar lavage
B. Transtracheal wash
C. Pulmonary aspirate/biopsy

A

Transtracheal

39
Q

What test is indicated for diffuse pulmonary disease ?

A. Bronchoalveolar lavage
B. Transtracheal wash
C. Pulmonary aspirate/biopsy

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage

40
Q

You want to do both a bronchoalveolar lavage and a transtracheal wash on your horse.. which will you do first.?

A

Transtracheal wash—> uses sterile techniques — culture

Brochoalveolar wash —> not sterile

41
Q

T/F: bilateral nasal discharge localizes disese to lower airways

A

False

Can be either upper or lower airway

42
Q

Inspiratory difficulty localizes airway disease where?

A

Upper airway

  • will also have absence of abnormal lung sounds
43
Q

Serous, mucoid, or mucopurulent discharge with fever can indicate what type of airway disease?

A

Infectious

44
Q

What would you see on a CBC of a horse with infectious airways disease?

A

Neutrophilic leukocytosis

Hyperfibrinogenemia

45
Q

You have a serous bilateral nasal discharge. The horse has inspiratory difficulty but the horse does NOT have a fever and CBC is normal.. what would your top DDX be for this horse.?

A

Non-infectious upper airway disease

  • allergic rhinitis
  • dorsal displacement of the soft palate
  • left laryngeal hemiplegia
46
Q

You have a horse with.. bilateral mucopurulent discharge, inspiratory difficulty, and a fever.. CBC shows a neutrophilic leukocytosis and hyperfibrogenemia.. what is your top DDX?

A

Upper airway inflammatory disease

  • infectious sinusitis
  • strangles
  • viral respiratory disease
47
Q

You have a horse that has a bilateral serous nasal discharge, expiratory difficulty with an normal CBC. What is you top DDX?

A

Non-infectious lower airway disease

  • recurrent airway obstruction (COPD)
  • smoke inhalation
48
Q

You have a horse with mucous bilateral discharge, bilateral flow from the nostrils, fever, and expiratory difficulty.. CBC shows neutrophilia and hyperfibrinogenemia.. top DDX?

A

Infectious lower airway disease

  • pleuropneumonia
  • foal pneumonia

RUSVM LAM1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions