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RUSVM LAM1 > Large Intestinal Diseases > Flashcards

Large Intestinal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cecal tympany?

A

Primary — rapid gas production and decreased motility

Secondary — obstructions of the large or small colon

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2
Q

Clinical signs of cecal tympany?

A

Bloated and rounded right flank

Pain intermittent then progress to continuous and severe
HR > 100bpm

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3
Q

What is a risk factor for cecal tympany?

A

Ingestion of fermentable feeds

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4
Q

Treatment of cecal tympany?

A

Decompression — percutaneously or surgically

Supportive care with fluids and analgesics

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5
Q

What are the two types of cecal impaction?

A

Primary cecal dysfunction -> usually dryer firm ingesta

Secondary impactions ->fluid ingesta

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6
Q

What are risk factors for type 1, dehydrated type, cecal impaction?

A

Diets high in corncob, kernel corn, and coarse hay or straw

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7
Q

What is a risk factor for type II cecal impactions/?

A

Horses with orthopedic problems

More common in adults

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8
Q

Treatment for cecal impactions?

A

Medical

  • nasogastric intubation with DSS.
  • IV fluids, analgesia (xylazine/butorphanol), walking

Surgical
-if pain cannot be controlled/ not resolving/ fluid compatible with bowel compromise

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9
Q

Risk factors for cecal perforation and rupture ?

A

Tapeworm
Ulcerative area or overstreching from impaction
Parturition

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10
Q

Treatment of cecal perforation/rupture ?

A

Normally tear cannot be exposed — repair impossible
By-pass
Removal of cecum

Prognosis is poor

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11
Q

What are non-strangulating obstructions the large intestine?

A 
Impaction 
Sand enteropathy
Enterolithasis 
Large colon displacements (right and left) 
Right dorsal colitis
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12
Q

Where does impaction most frequently occur in large intestine?

A

Pelvic flexure

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13
Q

Risk factors for large colon imapactions?

A 
Corse feed
Poor dentition 
Inadequate mastication 
Foreign material 
Decreased water intake 
Altered colonic motility 
Adhesions 
Grass sickness
Amitraz- apha2 agonist
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14
Q

What is the treatment for large intestinal impaction?

A

IV fluid
Analgesia
Laxatives — mineral oil, DSS (dicotyl sodium sulfosucciaate- stool softener)

Walking
Off feed until has passed manure on consistent basis

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15
Q

What is the prognosis for large intestine impaction?

A

Good unless evidence of bowel wall compromise

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16
Q

Signalment/risk factors for sand enteropathy?

A

Feeding on ground in sand stall or on sandy soil

Highest in costal regions

17
Q

Where does sand impactions usually occur?

A

Right dorsal and transverse colon

18
Q

Comical signs of sand enteropathy?

A

Similar to large colon impaction
Can present as acute colic

Weight of sand — intermittent colic that resolves with analgesics but recurs
Lie on side or back — relieves tension on mesentery
Auscultation can be diagnostic and pathoneumonic “sand on beach”
Sand or gritty feeling occcationaly felt on rectal

19
Q

How can you confirm a sand enteropathy?

A

Float feces — sand setting in bottom
Any amount of sand is abnormal

Radiographs - radiodense material in ventral colon

Enterocentesis — will see sand in needle or cannula

20
Q

Treatment for sand enteropathy

A

Psyllium
Maintain LC motility with exercise
Maintain increased transit - mineral oil

Surgery is complete obstruction or unresponsive

21
Q

What are the most common locations that eneroliths cause problems?

A

Right dorsal colon
Transverse colon
Small colon
Pelvic flexure

22
Q

What type of stones are enterliths?

A

Mg-ammonium phosphate (struvite)

23
Q

Clinical signs of enterolithiasis?

A

Similar to large colon impactions

Intermittent until total obstruction, then severe pain, elevated HR, and pale MM

Recall — large colon distention, rarely feel enterolith

24
Q

What is thought to be the cause of right dorsal displacement of the colon?

A

Hyper and/or hypomotile states with gas accumulation

25
Q

What are the two mechanisms of right dorsal displacements?

A

RDD with flexion — pelvic flexure moves right cranial to base of cecum — transverse across the pelvic inlet and lies at sternum

RDD with medial flexion — left colon travels from normal position to right around the caudal base of cecum to lie at the right of cecum

26
Q

Clinical signs or right dorsal displacement?

A

Insidious to moderate colic

Reflux occurs if duodenum is obstructed by displacement

27
Q

A left dorsal displacement is AKA ?

A

Nephrosplenic entrapment

28
Q

What do you feel on a rectal of a horse with nephrosplenic entrapment ?

A

Feel colon in space on the ligament

Find colon in dorsal left abdomen and cannot displace it

29
Q

Treatment for nephrosplenic entrapment?

A

Fasting, excericse, supportive therapy
Phenylephrine IV — splenic contraction

Rolling: anesthetized

Surgical correction — ventral midline laparotomy

30
Q

Complications form nephrosplenic entrapment?

A

Recurrence — can treat my surgical obliteration of the space
Focal necrosis of colon
Omental adhesion to the pelvic flexure
Incision problems

31
Q

What is right dorsal colitis?

A

Inflammatory disease os large colon manifestation of NSAID toxicity

32
Q

What is the cause of strangulating obstructions of the large colon?

A

Torsion

— gas distention and “floating” of the large colon over the dorsal can initiate displacement

33
Q

In large colon torsion, torsion ________ degrees results in venous occlusion, but torsion ___________ degrees causes arterial obstruction

A

> 180; >270

34
Q

What is usually the signalment for large colon torsion?

A

Older brood mares
1month prior or after parturition
Older horse in general is higher risk

35
Q

Clinical signs of large colon torsion.?

A

Severe pain
Difficult to control with analgesics

Pulse may be normal
Gaseous distention eventually leads to respiratory compromise and development of respiratory acidosis

Hemoconcentration PCV 60-70
Colon rapidly fills with 360 torsion

36
Q

Treatment for large colon torsion?

A

Expedient surgical correction
Enteropathy with emptying of contents
Possible large colon removal

37
Q

T/F: inflammatory large colon lesions usually appear strangulating?

A

True

38
Q

Etiology of colitis?

A

Infectious

  • salmonellosis
  • Potomac horse fever
  • Clostridiosis

RUSVM LAM1 (17 decks)

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