Respiratory Flashcards
Who is Asthma more common in?
Males, African/Hispanic
What causes Asthma?
Allergen exposure = cross-bridging of IgE molecules and activation of mast cells / mediators
= Bronchicial constriction
Acute Asthma Presentation
Cyanosis, Strider, Exhuastion, RR >25, Tachycardia, Reduced Sats, Wheeze
What is the PEFR in Acute Asthma?
Less than 50% of normal
Acute Asthma Investigations
Peak flow, Sats, ABG, Chest X-Ray
Acute Asthma Treatment
Salbutamol, Ipratropium bromide, IV Corticosteroids, Magnesium Sulphate, Sedation
What 2 things make up COPD?
Emphysema and Bronchitits
COPD Presentation
SOB, Cough with sputum, Wheeze, Leg swelling, Cyanosis
COPD Investigations
Spirometry, Chest X-ray, FBC, CT, ABG
What is the FEV1/FVC Ratio in COPD?
Below 70%
COPD Stages
Stage 1 = Mild / FEV1 >80
Stage 2 = Moderate / FEV1 50-80
Stage 3 = Severe / FEV1 30-50
Stage 4 = Very Severe / FEV1 Below 30
COPD Treatment
SABA + LABA
SAMA, LAMA, ICS, Oxygen Therapy, Lung transplant
Two types of Pneumothorax
Primary = absence of known lung disease
Secondary = Underlying lung disease
Pneumothorax Risk Factors
COPD, TB, Smoking, Male, Family Hx
Pneumothorax Presentation
Chest pain, SOB, Fatigue, Cyanosis, Tachycardia, Hyper-resonant (rapid onset)
Pneumothorax Investigations
Chest X-ray, USS, CT
Pneumothorax Treatment
Conservative (oxygen), Needle aspiration, Chest tube
Causes of Pleural Effusion
Congestive heart failure, Malignancy, Pneumonia, PE
Two types of Pleural Effusion
Exudative = Damaged Pluera
Transudative = Excess production or Less Resoprtion
Pleural Effusion Risk Factors
Lung damage, Smoking, Cancer, Alcohol, Immunsuppressive’s
Pleural Effusion Presentation
Chest pain, Dry cough, Dyspnoea, Orthopnoea, Dullness, Bronchial Breathing
Most common cause of Pneumonia in the Community
Step.Pneumoniae
Most common cause of Pneumonia in Hospital
Staph.aureus
Pneumonia Risk Factors
Smoking, Immunodeficiency, Alcohol, COPD/Asthma, CKD, PPI/H2 blockers
Pneumonia Presentation
Productive cough, SOB, Fever, Pleuritic chest pain, Cyanosis, Low Sats, Tachycardia
Atypical Pneumonia Presentation
(symptoms aren’t that bad)
Headache, Low-grade fever, Cough, Malaise
Pneumonia Investigations
X-Ray, Sats, Bloods, CT, USS
What is the CURB-65 Score?
Confusion: Below 9/10 on AMTS Urea: Over 7 RR: Over 30 BP: 90/60 or less Age: 65 or over
3 or more = serious
What Treatment usually suffices for Pneumonia?
Oral Antibiotics, Rest, Analgesics, Fluids
What is the first line treatment for CAP?
Amoxicillin, Doxycyline or Clarithromycin or alternatives
How do you treat HAP?
Cephalosporin’s, Carbapenems, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides, Vancomycin
IV and in Combination
How common is Bronchial Carcinoma?
Most common in men in both incidence and mortality
3rd in incidence in women, 2nd in mortality (after breast cancer)
How many cases of Bronchial Carcinoma are caused by smoking?
85%
What is the most common type of Bronchial Carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma
What cancers make up Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma
(85% of lung cancers = Non-small Cell)
Bronchial Carcinoma Risk Factors
Smoking, Genetics, Radon, Asbestos, Air pollution
Bronchial Carcinoma Presentation
Haemoptysis, Wheeze, SOB, Weight loss, Fever, Clubbing
Bronchial Carcinoma Investigations
X-Ray, CT, Biopsy
Pulmonary Embolism Risk Factors
Cancer, Bed rest, Smoking, Stoke, Oestrogen Meds, Pregnancy, Obesity, Surgery, DVT
Pulmonary Embolism Presentation
SOB, Pleuritic chest pain, Haemoptysis, Cyanosis, Collapse, Low sats (Acute onset)
Pulmonary Embolism Investigations
D-dimer, CT Angiography, ECG, X-ray, USS, Bloods
Pulmonary Embolism Treatment
Heparin/Warfarin, Thrombolysis (tPA), Surgery/Vena Cava filter
What type of Respiratory Disease is Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Restrictive
FEV1/FVC unchanged
What is the pathology of Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Scar formation and accumulation of fibrous connective tissue = thickening of walls and reduced oxygen supply in blood
Pulmonary Fibrosis Presentation?
SOB, Chronic dry cough, Fatgiue, Weakness, Weight loss
Pulmonary Fibrosis Signs
Fine Inspiratory crackles, Honeycomb on X-ray
Most common cause of Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Idiopathic
Pulmonary Fibrosis Investigations
Spirometry, CT, Biopsy
