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Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Asthma more common in?

A

Males, African/Hispanic

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2
Q

What causes Asthma?

A

Allergen exposure = cross-bridging of IgE molecules and activation of mast cells / mediators

= Bronchicial constriction

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3
Q

Acute Asthma Presentation

A

Cyanosis, Strider, Exhuastion, RR >25, Tachycardia, Reduced Sats, Wheeze

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4
Q

What is the PEFR in Acute Asthma?

A

Less than 50% of normal

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5
Q

Acute Asthma Investigations

A

Peak flow, Sats, ABG, Chest X-Ray

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6
Q

Acute Asthma Treatment

A

Salbutamol, Ipratropium bromide, IV Corticosteroids, Magnesium Sulphate, Sedation

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7
Q

What 2 things make up COPD?

A

Emphysema and Bronchitits

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8
Q

COPD Presentation

A

SOB, Cough with sputum, Wheeze, Leg swelling, Cyanosis

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9
Q

COPD Investigations

A

Spirometry, Chest X-ray, FBC, CT, ABG

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10
Q

What is the FEV1/FVC Ratio in COPD?

A

Below 70%

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11
Q

COPD Stages

A

Stage 1 = Mild / FEV1 >80
Stage 2 = Moderate / FEV1 50-80
Stage 3 = Severe / FEV1 30-50
Stage 4 = Very Severe / FEV1 Below 30

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12
Q

COPD Treatment

A

SABA + LABA

SAMA, LAMA, ICS, Oxygen Therapy, Lung transplant

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13
Q

Two types of Pneumothorax

A

Primary = absence of known lung disease

Secondary = Underlying lung disease

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14
Q

Pneumothorax Risk Factors

A

COPD, TB, Smoking, Male, Family Hx

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15
Q

Pneumothorax Presentation

A

Chest pain, SOB, Fatigue, Cyanosis, Tachycardia, Hyper-resonant (rapid onset)

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16
Q

Pneumothorax Investigations

A

Chest X-ray, USS, CT

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17
Q

Pneumothorax Treatment

A

Conservative (oxygen), Needle aspiration, Chest tube

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18
Q

Causes of Pleural Effusion

A

Congestive heart failure, Malignancy, Pneumonia, PE

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19
Q

Two types of Pleural Effusion

A

Exudative = Damaged Pluera

Transudative = Excess production or Less Resoprtion

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20
Q

Pleural Effusion Risk Factors

A

Lung damage, Smoking, Cancer, Alcohol, Immunsuppressive’s

21
Q

Pleural Effusion Presentation

A

Chest pain, Dry cough, Dyspnoea, Orthopnoea, Dullness, Bronchial Breathing

22
Q

Most common cause of Pneumonia in the Community

A

Step.Pneumoniae

23
Q

Most common cause of Pneumonia in Hospital

A

Staph.aureus

24
Q

Pneumonia Risk Factors

A

Smoking, Immunodeficiency, Alcohol, COPD/Asthma, CKD, PPI/H2 blockers

25
Q

Pneumonia Presentation

A

Productive cough, SOB, Fever, Pleuritic chest pain, Cyanosis, Low Sats, Tachycardia

26
Q

Atypical Pneumonia Presentation

A

(symptoms aren’t that bad)

Headache, Low-grade fever, Cough, Malaise

27
Q

Pneumonia Investigations

A

X-Ray, Sats, Bloods, CT, USS

28
Q

What is the CURB-65 Score?

A 
Confusion: Below 9/10 on AMTS
Urea: Over 7
RR: Over 30
BP: 90/60 or less
Age: 65 or over

3 or more = serious

29
Q

What Treatment usually suffices for Pneumonia?

A

Oral Antibiotics, Rest, Analgesics, Fluids

30
Q

What is the first line treatment for CAP?

A

Amoxicillin, Doxycyline or Clarithromycin or alternatives

31
Q

How do you treat HAP?

A

Cephalosporin’s, Carbapenems, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides, Vancomycin

IV and in Combination

32
Q

How common is Bronchial Carcinoma?

A

Most common in men in both incidence and mortality

3rd in incidence in women, 2nd in mortality (after breast cancer)

33
Q

How many cases of Bronchial Carcinoma are caused by smoking?

A

85%

34
Q

What is the most common type of Bronchial Carcinoma?

A

Adenocarcinoma

35
Q

What cancers make up Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma?

A

Adenocarcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma

(85% of lung cancers = Non-small Cell)

36
Q

Bronchial Carcinoma Risk Factors

A

Smoking, Genetics, Radon, Asbestos, Air pollution

37
Q

Bronchial Carcinoma Presentation

A

Haemoptysis, Wheeze, SOB, Weight loss, Fever, Clubbing

38
Q

Bronchial Carcinoma Investigations

A

X-Ray, CT, Biopsy

39
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Risk Factors

A

Cancer, Bed rest, Smoking, Stoke, Oestrogen Meds, Pregnancy, Obesity, Surgery, DVT

40
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Presentation

A

SOB, Pleuritic chest pain, Haemoptysis, Cyanosis, Collapse, Low sats (Acute onset)

41
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Investigations

A

D-dimer, CT Angiography, ECG, X-ray, USS, Bloods

42
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Treatment

A

Heparin/Warfarin, Thrombolysis (tPA), Surgery/Vena Cava filter

43
Q

What type of Respiratory Disease is Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

Restrictive

FEV1/FVC unchanged

44
Q

What is the pathology of Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

Scar formation and accumulation of fibrous connective tissue = thickening of walls and reduced oxygen supply in blood

45
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis Presentation?

A

SOB, Chronic dry cough, Fatgiue, Weakness, Weight loss

46
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis Signs

A

Fine Inspiratory crackles, Honeycomb on X-ray

47
Q

Most common cause of Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

Idiopathic

48
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis Investigations

A

Spirometry, CT, Biopsy

Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions (12 decks)

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