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Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions > Abdominal > Flashcards

Abdominal Flashcards

1
Q

Who does GERD Affect?

A

60% of people, Women, >40

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2
Q

What are the Risk Factors for GERD?

A

Obesity, Hiatal Hernia, Diabetes, Pregnancy

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3
Q

GERD Presentation

A

Heartburn, Chest Pain, Dysphagia, Sour Taste, Inflammation of gums

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4
Q

GERD Investigations

A

PPI trial, OGD, Ambulatory acid probe

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5
Q

GERD Treatment

A

Stop Smoking/NSAIDs/Alcohol, Antacids, PPIs, H2 Antagonists, Prostaglandin analogue

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6
Q

Where are Peptic Ulcers most commonly found?

A

Duodenum

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7
Q

Risk Factors for Peptic Ulcer

A

H.Pylori (main), NSAIDs, Smoking, Crohn’s, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

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8
Q

Peptic Ulcer Presentation

A

Upper Abdo Pain, Belching, Vomiting (haematemesis), Anaemia, Maelaena Cachexia, Poor appetite

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9
Q

Peptic Ulcer Investigations

A

H.Pylori (Urease test, Stool, Serology), Endoscopy

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10
Q

Peptic Ulcer Treatment

A

Antacids, H2 antagonists, Prostaglandin analogue, PPIs (Stop NSAIDs)

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11
Q

Where is a GI Bleed most common?

A

Upper GI

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12
Q

Causes of Upper GI Bleed?

A

Peptic ulcer, Cirrhosis, Cancer

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13
Q

Causes of Lower GI Bleed?

A

Haemorrhoids, Cancer, IBD

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14
Q

Presentation of GI Bleed

A

Haematemesis, Maelaena (upper), Fatigue, Chest pain, SOB, Anaemia

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15
Q

GI Bleed Investigations

A

Bloods (FBC, LFT, Clotting), Endoscopy

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16
Q

GI Bleed Treatment

A

Transfusion, Endoscopy, PPI

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17
Q

Who does Inflammatory Bowel Disease Effect?

A

Under 30yrs, White Jewish, Industrialised country

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18
Q

Which IBD is smoking protective for?

A

Ulcerative Colitis

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19
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Presentation

A

Abdominal Pain, Diarrhoea, Maelaena, Anorexia, Fatigue

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20
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Investigations

A

Bloods, Stool test, Endoscopy, Imaging

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21
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment

A

Aminosalicylates (UC), Steroids, Immunosuppressive’s

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22
Q

Who commonly gets IBS?

A

20-30yrs, Women

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23
Q

IBS Risk Factors

A

Foods (dairy, beans), Stress, Family Hx, Mental Health Issues

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24
Q

IBS Presentation

A

Abdo Pain, Bloating, Flatus, Change in Bowel Habits, Anorexia, Rectal Bleeding

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25
Q

IBS Investigations

A

Bloods, Sedimentation rate, Coeliac test, Stool analysis

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26
Q

What virus commonly causes Gastroenteritis in children?

A

Rotavirus

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27
Q

What virus commonly causes Gastroenteritis in adults?

A

Norovirus

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28
Q

Infective Gastroenteritis Presentation

A

Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Dehydration, Cramps

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29
Q

Infective Gastroenteritis Investigations

A

Bloods, Culture, ELISA, Electron microscopy

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30
Q

Infective Gastroenteritis Treatment

A

Rehydrate, Antiemetic’s (Antibiotics if systemic)

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31
Q

Who is most likely to get Pancreatitis?

A

30-40yrs, Men, 70% due to Alcohol Abuse

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32
Q

Pancreatitis Risk Factors

A

Alcohol, Smoking, Family Hx, Gallstones, Surgery, CF, Infection, Cancer

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33
Q

Pancreatitis Presentation

A

Abdo pain worse after eating, Vomting, Steatorrhea, Anorexia, Fever

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34
Q

Pancreatitis Investigations

A

Serum amylase/lipase, Faecal Elastase, USS, Imaging

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35
Q

Pancreatitis Treatment

A

Fluids, Anti-Inflamms, Analgesia, Surgery

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36
Q

Who is most likely to get Gallstones?

A

Female (had children), Combined Pill/Oestrogen therapy, Overweight, >40yrs

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37
Q

Why do Gallstones form?

A

Too much bilirubin, Too much cholesterol, Not enough bile salts (+ incomplete/infrequent emptying of GB)

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38
Q

Gallstones Risk Factors

A

Low nutrient intake, Constipation, Rapid weight loss, Coeliac, Cirrhosis

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39
Q

Gallstone Presentation

A

Biliary Colic pain in RUQ, Vomiting, Itching, Confusion, Fever, Jaundice

40
Q

Gallstones give what Sign on Physical Examination?

A

Murphy’s sign

41
Q

Gallstone Investigations

A

USS, Bloods (FBC, LFT, Amylase/Lipase)

42
Q

Gallstone Treatment

A

Ursodeoxycholic acid (oral), Cholecystectomy

43
Q

Which Viral Hepatitis is there a Vaccine for but no Treatment?

A

Hepatitis A

44
Q

Which Viral Hepatitis is there no Vaccine but Treatment?

A

Hepatitis C

45
Q

Which Viral Hepatitis can you only get together with Hepatitis B?

A

Hepatitis D

46
Q

Which Viral Hepatitis has a Vaccine and Treatment available?

A

Hepatitis B

47
Q

What are the Blood-Borne Viral Hepatitis’s?

A

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C

48
Q

Who is Hepatitis E bad in?

A

Pregnant Women

49
Q

What are the Causes of Hepatitis?

A

Infectious (virus and parasites), Metabolic (alcohol and drugs), Ischemic (heart failure), Autoimmune (hemochromatosis, Wilsons disease)

50
Q

Hepatitis Presentation

A

Flu-like, Joint pain, Pruritis, Jaundice, Fever

51
Q

Hepatitis Investigations

A

Blood tests (liver enzymes, serology (nucleic acid, FBC), Imaging, Liver biopsy

52
Q

Hepatitis Treatment

A

Supportive, Antivirals (tenofovir) Treat alcoholism)

53
Q

Appendicitis Presentation

A

RLQ Pain, Vomiting, Fever, Rebound Tenderness

54
Q

What sign do you get with Appendicitis?

A

Dunphy Sign (pain on coughing)

55
Q

Appendicitis Treatment

A

Appendectomy, Antibiotics

56
Q

What is the most common cause of Small Bowel Obstruction?

A

Adhesions

also: hernia, crohn’s, neoplasms, foregin bodies

57
Q

What is the most common cause of Large Bowel Obstruction?

A

Neoplasm

also: diverticulitis, IBD, volvulus, adhesions, constipation

58
Q

Risk Factors for Bowel Obstruction

A

Previous Surgery, Cancer Treatment, IBD

59
Q

Bowel Obstruction Presentation

A

Abdo pain, Vomiting (faecal), Constipation, Dehydration, Absent Bowel Sounds, Distension

60
Q

Bowel Obstruction Investigations

A

Bloods, Imaging, Contrast Enema, Endoscopy

61
Q

Who gets Hernias?

A

Males, Smokers, >50

62
Q

Hernia Risk Factors

A

Smoking, COPD, Obesity, Pregnancy, Peritoneal Dialysis

63
Q

Hernia Presentation

A

Pain at Site, Vomiting, Tender, Fever

64
Q

Hernia Treatment

A

Leave it, Mesh Repair, Surgery

65
Q

Oesophageal Carcinoma Presentation

A

Dyphagia, Odynophagia, Weight loss, Hoarse Voice, Large Nodes, Dry cough, Haemoptysis/Haemetemesis

66
Q

Risk Factors of SCC Oesophageal Carcinoma

A

Male, Developing World, Smoking, Alcohol, Hot Drinks, Betel Nut

67
Q

Risk Factors of Adeno Oesophageal Carcinoma

A

Male, Developed world, Smoking, Obesity, Acid Reflux

68
Q

Oesophageal Carcinoma Investigations

A

Biopsy done by Endoscopy

69
Q

Gastric Carcinoma Main Risk Factor?

A

H.Pylori (60% of cases)

Also: Male, Smoking, Diet (pickled veg), Obesity Genetics

70
Q

Gastric Carcinoma Presentation

A

Heartburn, Upper Abdo Pain, Nausea, Weight loss, Jaundice, Dysphagia, Blood in stool

71
Q

How is Gastric Carcinoma Diagnosed?

A

Biopsy done during Endoscopy

72
Q

Gastric Carcinoma Treatment

A

H.pylori, Stop smoking, Mediterranean Diet, Surgery, Chemo/Radio

73
Q

What is the most common Pancreatic Carcinoma?

A

Adenocarcinoma (85%)

74
Q

Pancreatic Carcinoma Presentation

A

Jaundice, Abdo/Back Pain, Weight Loss, Steatthorea, Dark urine

75
Q

Pancreatic Carcinoma Risk Factors

A

Smoking, Obesity, Diabetes, Genetic Conditions

76
Q

Colorectal Carcinoma Presentation

A

Blood in stool, Change in Bowel Habits, Weight loss, Fatigue

77
Q

Colorectal Carcinoma Causes

A

Old age, Red Meat, Alcohol, Smoking, FAP, HNPCC, IBD

78
Q

At what age is Colorectal Carcinoma Screened for?

A

50 - 75 years old

79
Q

Who gets Colorectal Cancer?

A

Developed World, Men

3rd most common cancer

80
Q

Chronic Liver Disease Presentation

A

Anaemia, Ascites, SOB, Fatigue, Hands (clubbing, erythema, flap), Chest (spider naevi, gyneacomastia)

81
Q

Chronic Liver Disease Causes

A

Viral (Hep B/C, CMV, EBV), Toxic (Alcohol, Methotrexate, Nitrofurantoin, Paracetamol), Metabolic (Fatty liver disease, Wilson’s, Autoimmune), Cholangitis, Obesity

82
Q

Which LFT result is most sensitive for Chronic Liver Disease?

A

ALT

83
Q

What is the Supportive Therapy for Chronic Liver Disease?

A

Diuretics, Albumin, Vitamin K, Antibiotics, Nutrition

84
Q

How much fluid in the peritoneal cavity constitutes ascites?

A

> 25ml

85
Q

Causes of Ascites

A

Liver Cirrhosis (most common), Cancer, Heart Failure, TB, Pancreatitis, Blockage of Hepatic Vein

86
Q

Ascites Treatment

A

Low salt diet, Diuretics, Drainage, Liver Transplant

87
Q

Causes of Malnutrition

A

Poverty, Infectious Diseases (gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria), Anorexia nervosa, Bariatric surgery

88
Q

GI Perforation Presentation

A

Sever abdo Pain, Sepsis, Tachycardia, SOB, Confusion

89
Q

Where in the GI Tract does a Perforation present more acutely?

A

Stomach / Small Intestine / Upper

90
Q

Causes of GI Perforation

A

Trauma, Colonoscopy, Obstruction, Ulcer, Ischaemia, Infection (c.diff)

91
Q

What Drug Combo’s are used to treat GI Perforation?

A

‘Piperacillin and Tazobactam’ or ‘Ciprofloxacin and Metronidazole’

92
Q

Coeliac Presentation

A

Diarrhoea, Distension, Loss of Appetite, Failure to grow

non-specific = hard to diagnose

93
Q

Why does Coeliac lead to Anaemia?

A

Autoimmune inflammatory reaction to gluten proteins = Villous Atrophy

94
Q

Where does Coeliac Affect?

A

Small Bowel

95
Q

Coeliac Investigations

A

Blood antibody tests, Intestinal biopsies, Genetic testing

96
Q

Who is Coeliac commonly found in?

A

Children, Women

Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions (12 decks)

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