Locomotor Flashcards
Who commonly gets Osteoarthritis?
> 40yrs, Overweight, Females
Osteoarthritis Risk Factors
Old age, Obesity, Repetitive joint use, Menopause, Misalignment
Osteoarthritis Presentation
Pain, Stiffness (<30 mins in morning), Loss of flexibility, Grating sensation
Osteoarthritis Investigations
Imaging, DEXA, Bloods (ESR, CRP), Synovial fluid analysis
Osteoarthritis Treatment
Lifestyle, Analgesics, Corticosteroid injections, Surgery
What causes Gout?
Elevated uric acid (crystals deposit in joints)
What joint is affected in half of Gout cases?
Big Toe
Gout Risk Factors
Genetics, High cholesterol/BP, Diabetes, Heart disease, Diuretics, Diet (red meat/shellfish), Alcohol, Obesity
Gout Presentation
Red, Hot, Tender, Swollen joints
Pain for 2-4 hours at night
Tophi, Fever, Urate nephropathy
Gout Investigations
Serum urate, Synovial fluid examination, Bloods (FBC, ESR, CRP), Imaging
Gout Treatment
NSAIDs, Colchicine, Steroids, Allopurinol, Ice pack, Rest
Most common cause of Septic Arthritis?
Staphylococcus Aureus
Most common way bacteria gets into joint in Septic Arthritis?
Via Bloodstream (particularly in children)
Septic Arthritis Risk Factors
Trauma, Surgery, Poor immune system, Injecting street drugs, Gonorrhoea
Septic Arthritis Presentation
Pain, Swelling, Redness, Generally unwell, Fever
In what cause/context of Septic Arthritis do the symptoms appear more slowly?
Artificial joint, Tuberculosis
Septic Arthritis Investigations
Synovial Fluid Analysis (Gram stain, Culture, WCC), Blood culture, MRI
Septic Arthritis Treatment
IV Antibiotics, Drainage, Splinting
Who gets a Prolapsed Disc?
30-50yrs, Men
Prolapsed Disc Risk Factors
Repeated improper movements, Trauma, Smoking, Alcohol, Obesity, Malnutrition
Prolapsed Disc Presentation
Sudden/Sever back pain (eased on lying flat), Nerve symptoms if compression (numbness, weakness, tingling)
Prolapsed Disc Investigations
Imaging, Discogram
Prolapsed Disc Treatment
OTC Analgesics, Gabapentin, Laminectomy
Rheumatoid Arthritis Presentation
Warm, Swollen, Painful Joints (bilateral)
Worse following rest, >30 mins in morning
What joints does Rheumatoid Arthritis commonly effect?
Wrists and Hands
What can be effected in Rheumatoid Arthritis apart from joints?
Low RBCs, Lung Inflammation, Heart Inflammation
Rheumatoid Arthritis Investigations
X-ray/MRI, Lab testing (RF, ACPA, CRP, ESR)
What is the best test for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment
Analgesics, DMARDs (hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate), Biological DMARDs, Surgery
Causes of Osteoporosis?
Menopause, Alcoholism, Anorexia, Hyperthyroidism, Kidney disease, Smoking, Medications
Osteoporosis Investigations
DEXA, Radiography, Chemical biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase)
Osteoporosis Treatment
Diet, Exercise, No smoking/alcohol, Bisphosphonates
Definition of Osteopenia?
Between -1 and -2.5 on DEXA
Definition of Osteoporosis?
Below -2.5 on DEXA
