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Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main types of Diabetes?

A

Type I, Type II, MODY, Gestational

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2
Q

Diabetes Risk Factors

A

African-Caribbean, Family Hx, High BP, Overweight

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3
Q

Diabetes Presentation

A

Frequency, Increased Thirst and Hunger, Blurry vision, Fatigue, Itchy skin, Slow healing

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4
Q

Diabetes Investigations

A

Blood Glucose (2 hour post/Random = >11 / Fasting = >7), HBA1c (>48)

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5
Q

Diabetes Treatment

A

Lifestyle, Insulin, Metformin, Gliclazide

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6
Q

Who Gets Hyperthyroidism

A

Women, >60yrs

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7
Q

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

A

Graves (most common), Adenoma, Abnormal secretion of TSH, Thyroiditis, Excessive iodine intake

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8
Q

Hyperthyroidism Presentation

A

Irritability, Muscle weakness, Tachycardia, Hot, Diarrhoea, Weight loss, SOB, Amenorrhea, Tremors

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9
Q

What do blood tests show in Hyperthyroidism?

A

Low TSH, Raised T3 and T4

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10
Q

Hyperthyroidism Investigations

A

Bloods, Radioactive iodine uptake test, Imaging

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11
Q

Hyperthyroidism Treatment

A

Anti-thyroid Medication (carbimazole), Diet (reduce iodine), Surgery, Radioiodine

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of Hypothyroidism? Which is most Common?

A

Primary (gland itself), Secondary (pituitary), Tertiary (hypothalamus)

Primary is most common

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13
Q

Hypothyroidism Risk Factors

A

Age, Family Hx, Type I Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis

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14
Q

Hypothyroidism Presentation

A

Fatigue, Cold, Constipation, Weight gain, SOB, Menorrhagia, Myxoedema, Bradycardia, Oedema

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15
Q

What do blood tests show in Hypothyroidism?

A

Elevated TSH, Low T3 and T4

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16
Q

Hypothyroidism Investigations

A

Bloods, Creatinine Kinase, LFTs, Cholesterol, Biopsy

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17
Q

Hypothyroidism Treatment

A

Levothyroxine, Liothyronine

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18
Q

What causes Goitre and which is most common?

A

Iodine Deficiency (most common), Congenital, Medication, Autoimmune, Grave’s Thyroiditis, Cancer

19
Q

How can Goitre Present?

A

With Hyper or Hypothyroidism Symptoms

20
Q

Goitre Investigations

A

TSH, Free T4, Thyroglobulin (anti-TG), USS, Radioisotope scan, Biopsy

21
Q

Goitre Treatment

A

Radioactive iodine (if too much T3/T4)

Lugol’s iodine or KI solution (for deficiency)

Thyroid supplements (if underactive)

22
Q

What are the causes of a Thyroid Nodule?

A

Iodine deficiency, Thyroiditis, Goitre, Cancer

23
Q

How would a Thyroid Nodule present if it was cancerous?

A

Large, Hard, Painful, Male, Family Hx

24
Q

Most common cause of Hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

25
Q

Where is a Thyroid Nodule often located?

A

Edge of Gland

26
Q

Thyroid Nodule Investigations

A

USS, FNA, Radioiodine scan, TSH, T3/T4, Anti-thyroid antibodies

27
Q

Thyroid Nodule Treatment

A

Watchful waiting, Levothyroxine, Surgery, Radioactive iodine, Anti-thyroid drugs, Alcohol ablation

28
Q

Who is most likely to get Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

20-50yrs, Women

29
Q

Difference between Cushing’s Disease and Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Cushing disease = pituitary gland tumour (more ACTH)

Cushing syndrome = excess cortisol in the body, regardless of the cause

30
Q

Causes of Cushing’s Syndrome? Which is most common?

A

Prolonged Corticosteroid Medication (most common), Pituitary tumour (70% of tumours), Adrenal, Ectopic

31
Q

What is Pseudo-Cushing’s?

A

Elevated cortisol due to Contraceptive pill

32
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome Presentation

A

Moon face, Abdo obesity, Fat pads, Stretch marks, High BP/Sugar, Psychological problems

33
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome Investigations

A

Dexamethasone suppression test, Saliva cortisol level

34
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome Treatment

A

Stop medication, Drugs to inhibit cortisol synthesis (ketoconazole), Surgery, Chemo/Radio

35
Q

What are the types of Hyperparathyroidism?

A

Primary = Too much PTH being made (adenoma - 80%)

Secondary = Event triggering parathyroid glands (Vitamin D deficiency, CKD, Low calcium)

36
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Presentation

A

Kidney stones, Depression, Bone pain, Increased urination

37
Q

What do blood tests show in Hyperparathyroidism?`

A

High Blood Calcium and High PTH

38
Q

What does Cinacalcet do?

A

Decreases PTH

39
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Treatment

A

Monitoring, IV saline, Correct deficiencies, Surgery

40
Q

What is Addison’s Disease

A

Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone

41
Q

What are the types of Adrenal Insufficiency?

A

Primary = Adrenal Glands

Secondary = low ACTH/CRH (most common type)

42
Q

Addison’s Disease Presentation

A

Abdo pain, Weakness, Weight loss, Darkening of Skin

43
Q

Addison’s Disease Treatment

A

Lifelong Corticosteroids, High salt diet, IV fluids with dextrose, Fludrocortisone

Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions (12 decks)

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