Endocrine Flashcards
What are the 4 main types of Diabetes?
Type I, Type II, MODY, Gestational
Diabetes Risk Factors
African-Caribbean, Family Hx, High BP, Overweight
Diabetes Presentation
Frequency, Increased Thirst and Hunger, Blurry vision, Fatigue, Itchy skin, Slow healing
Diabetes Investigations
Blood Glucose (2 hour post/Random = >11 / Fasting = >7), HBA1c (>48)
Diabetes Treatment
Lifestyle, Insulin, Metformin, Gliclazide
Who Gets Hyperthyroidism
Women, >60yrs
Causes of Hyperthyroidism
Graves (most common), Adenoma, Abnormal secretion of TSH, Thyroiditis, Excessive iodine intake
Hyperthyroidism Presentation
Irritability, Muscle weakness, Tachycardia, Hot, Diarrhoea, Weight loss, SOB, Amenorrhea, Tremors
What do blood tests show in Hyperthyroidism?
Low TSH, Raised T3 and T4
Hyperthyroidism Investigations
Bloods, Radioactive iodine uptake test, Imaging
Hyperthyroidism Treatment
Anti-thyroid Medication (carbimazole), Diet (reduce iodine), Surgery, Radioiodine
What are the 3 types of Hypothyroidism? Which is most Common?
Primary (gland itself), Secondary (pituitary), Tertiary (hypothalamus)
Primary is most common
Hypothyroidism Risk Factors
Age, Family Hx, Type I Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis
Hypothyroidism Presentation
Fatigue, Cold, Constipation, Weight gain, SOB, Menorrhagia, Myxoedema, Bradycardia, Oedema
What do blood tests show in Hypothyroidism?
Elevated TSH, Low T3 and T4
Hypothyroidism Investigations
Bloods, Creatinine Kinase, LFTs, Cholesterol, Biopsy
Hypothyroidism Treatment
Levothyroxine, Liothyronine
What causes Goitre and which is most common?
Iodine Deficiency (most common), Congenital, Medication, Autoimmune, Grave’s Thyroiditis, Cancer
How can Goitre Present?
With Hyper or Hypothyroidism Symptoms
Goitre Investigations
TSH, Free T4, Thyroglobulin (anti-TG), USS, Radioisotope scan, Biopsy
Goitre Treatment
Radioactive iodine (if too much T3/T4)
Lugol’s iodine or KI solution (for deficiency)
Thyroid supplements (if underactive)
What are the causes of a Thyroid Nodule?
Iodine deficiency, Thyroiditis, Goitre, Cancer
How would a Thyroid Nodule present if it was cancerous?
Large, Hard, Painful, Male, Family Hx
Most common cause of Hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Where is a Thyroid Nodule often located?
Edge of Gland
Thyroid Nodule Investigations
USS, FNA, Radioiodine scan, TSH, T3/T4, Anti-thyroid antibodies
Thyroid Nodule Treatment
Watchful waiting, Levothyroxine, Surgery, Radioactive iodine, Anti-thyroid drugs, Alcohol ablation
Who is most likely to get Cushing’s Syndrome?
20-50yrs, Women
Difference between Cushing’s Disease and Cushing’s Syndrome?
Cushing disease = pituitary gland tumour (more ACTH)
Cushing syndrome = excess cortisol in the body, regardless of the cause
Causes of Cushing’s Syndrome? Which is most common?
Prolonged Corticosteroid Medication (most common), Pituitary tumour (70% of tumours), Adrenal, Ectopic
What is Pseudo-Cushing’s?
Elevated cortisol due to Contraceptive pill
Cushing’s Syndrome Presentation
Moon face, Abdo obesity, Fat pads, Stretch marks, High BP/Sugar, Psychological problems
Cushing’s Syndrome Investigations
Dexamethasone suppression test, Saliva cortisol level
Cushing’s Syndrome Treatment
Stop medication, Drugs to inhibit cortisol synthesis (ketoconazole), Surgery, Chemo/Radio
What are the types of Hyperparathyroidism?
Primary = Too much PTH being made (adenoma - 80%)
Secondary = Event triggering parathyroid glands (Vitamin D deficiency, CKD, Low calcium)
Hyperparathyroidism Presentation
Kidney stones, Depression, Bone pain, Increased urination
What do blood tests show in Hyperparathyroidism?`
High Blood Calcium and High PTH
What does Cinacalcet do?
Decreases PTH
Hyperparathyroidism Treatment
Monitoring, IV saline, Correct deficiencies, Surgery
What is Addison’s Disease
Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone
What are the types of Adrenal Insufficiency?
Primary = Adrenal Glands
Secondary = low ACTH/CRH (most common type)
Addison’s Disease Presentation
Abdo pain, Weakness, Weight loss, Darkening of Skin
Addison’s Disease Treatment
Lifelong Corticosteroids, High salt diet, IV fluids with dextrose, Fludrocortisone
