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Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Acute Coronary Syndrome most likely to effect and when?

A

Men, Early morning hours

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2
Q

What causes Acute Coronary Syndrome?

A

Coronary arteries become blocked/narrowed due to plaque = irreversible necrosis of heart muscle due to ischaemia

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3
Q

What can lead to blockage of the Coronary Arteries?

A

LDLs, Saturated fats, Trans fats

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4
Q

What 3 conditions come under the umbrella term of Acute Coronary Syndrome?

A

Unstable Angina, NSTEMI, STEMI

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5
Q

What is the difference between a NSTEMI and a STEMI?

A

NSTEMI = no changes on ECG but blood markers indicate damage

STEMI = ECG changes due to large area of heart muscle being affected

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6
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome Risk Factors

A

High BP/Cholesterol, Diabetes, Obesity, Smoking, Age, Family Hx, Stress, Illicit drug use

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7
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome Presentation

A

Tight chest, Pain radiating to back/jaw, Sweating, Nausea, Anxiety

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8
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome Signs

A

Tachycardia or Arrhythmia, Hypertension initially and then Hypotension, Increased RR, Fever, Pallor

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9
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome Investigations

A

ECG, Bloods (troponins), Angiogram, Echo

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10
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome Treatment

A

Aspirin, Thrombolytics, Antiplatelets, GTN, Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, Statins, Analgesics, Surgery (CABG)

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11
Q

Angina Risk Factors

A

Smoking, Hypertension, Diabetes, Obesity, Hyperlipidaemia

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12
Q

Angina Presentation

A

Chest discomfort, Precipitated by exertion, Relieved by rest or GTN

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13
Q

What is Levine sign?

A

Clenched fist to describe pain - Angina

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14
Q

Angina Investigations

A

Exercise/Stress test, ECG, Angiography

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15
Q

Angina Treatment

A

Statins, Antiplatelets/Aspirin, Beta-blockers, CCBs, Ace inhibitors, Surgery if sever

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16
Q

What percentage of stoke patients have Atrial Fibrillation?

A

15%

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17
Q

What causes Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Electrical impulses from different places in the atria = Quivering

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18
Q

What conditions can lead to Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Heart failure, Ischaemia, Hypertension, Mitral valve disease

PE, Pneumonia, Hyperthyroidism, Alcohol, Sepsis

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19
Q

Atrial Fibrillation Presentation

A

Palpitations, Fatigue, SOB, Dizziness

Irregularly Irregular pulse

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20
Q

Atrial Fibrillation Investigations

A

ECG (no p waves), Bloods, Echocardiogram

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21
Q

Atrial Fibrillation Treatment

A

Digoxin/Amiodarone, Beta-blockers, Anticoagulants

Cardioversion if uncompensated

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22
Q

Who is most likely to have Hypertension?

A

Black people (4x more common)

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23
Q

What blood pressure values constitute Hypertension?

A

> 140 systolic

> 90 diastolic

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24
Q

Hypertension Risk Factors

A

Family Hx, >65, Obesity, Alcohol, Diabetes, Smoking, Salt in diet, CVD

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25
Q

Hypertension Presentation

A

Headache, Fatigue, Vision problems, Haematuria

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26
Q

Hypertension Medical Treatment

A

ACE inhibitors/ARBs
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics

(Beta-blockers, Alpha blockers - if resistant)

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27
Q

What are the 3 factors of Virchow’s Triad which contribute to DVT?

A

Venous stasis, Hypercoagulability, Endothelial damage

28
Q

What is the most commonly affected site for DVT?

A

Calf

29
Q

DVT Risk Factors

A

Standing up for long periods of time, Surgery, Cancer, Obesity, Smoking, Birth control, Pregnancy

30
Q

DVT Presentation

A

Pain, Swelling, Redness, Warmth

31
Q

How many cases of DVT have no symptoms?

A

50%

32
Q

What is Homans sign?

A

Pain on dorsiflexion of foot (DVT)

33
Q

What score is used in the diagnosis of DVT?

A

Wells score

34
Q

DVT Investigations

A

USS, D-Dimer, Venography

35
Q

DVT Treatment

A

Anti-coagulation, Compression stockings

36
Q

Who is most likely to have Left-Sided Heart Failure?

A

Men, 50-70yrs, African-American

37
Q

What are the two classes of Left-Sided Heart Failure?

A

Systolic failure = cannot contract forcefully enough

Diastolic failure = stiff/thick ventricle, can’t fill properly

38
Q

Causes of Left-Sided Heart Failure

A

Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension, Arrhythmia, Valvular damage

39
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure Risk Factors

A

Cardiomyopathy, Cocaine use, Diabetes, Alcohol, Obesity, Smoking

40
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure Presentation

A

Respiratory symptoms (SOB, Crackles, Oedema, Orthopnea), Fatigue, Dizziness

41
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure Signs

A

Laterally displaced apex beat, Possible murmurs, Tachycardia

42
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure Investigations

A

Chest X-ray, Echo, ECG, Bloods, ABG, Sats

43
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure Treatment

A

Sodium restriction, Diuretics, Vasodilators, Inotropic agents (digoxin), Anticoagulants, Surgery (PCI)

44
Q

What is Congestive Heart Failure?

A

Left and Right Sided Heart Failure at the same time

45
Q

What extra symptoms are present with Congestive Heart Failure as well as those in Left-Sided Heart Failure?

A

Swelling in legs/ankles, Weight gain, Nausea

46
Q

Causes of Valvular disease?

A

Aging, Congenital, Rheumatic disease, Pregnancy

47
Q

Valvular Disease Presentation

A

Heart failure, Palpitations, Chest pain, Oedema

48
Q

Which Valvular Disease presents with a diastolic murmur and left ventricle enlargement?

A

Aortic Regurgitation

49
Q

Which Valvular Disease presents with a holosytolic murmur secondary to right ventricle dilation?

A

Tricuspid Regurgitation

50
Q

Which Valvular Disease presents with a holosystolic murmur and left atrial/ventricle dilation?

A

Mitral Regurgitation

51
Q

Which Valvular Disease presents with a harsh systolic murmur and an Enlarged left ventricle?

A

Aortic Stenosis

52
Q

Which Valvular Disease presents with left atrial enlargement and a diastolic rumble?

A

Mitral stenosis

53
Q

What is Right-Sided Heart Failure often caused by?

A

Cor Pulmonale

54
Q

Right-Sided Heart Presentation

A

Swelling, Ascites, Nocturia, Pitting oedema

55
Q

Right-Sided Heart Treatment

A

ACE/ARBs, Beta-blockers, Diuretics

56
Q

Where does Infective Endocarditis effect?

A

Inner surface of heart - Particularly the valves

57
Q

Infective Endocarditis Presentation

A

Fever, Fatigue, Murmur, Heart failure, Low RBCs

58
Q

Most common bacterial cause of Infective Endocarditis?

A

Staph aureus

followed by Viridans strep and negative staph

59
Q

What criteria is used for Infective Endocarditis?

A

DUKE Criteria

60
Q

Infective Endocarditis Investigations

A

Blood culture, USS

61
Q

Infective Endocarditis Treatment

A

IV antibiotics (usually start with vancomycin/ceftriaxone IV infusion), Surgery may be required

62
Q

Postural Hypotension Definition

A

Fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 or diastolic of at least 10 when assuming a standing position

63
Q

Postural Hypotension Causes

A

Medications (alpha blockers), Autonomic neuropathy, Age-related vessel stiffness

64
Q

Postural Hypotension Presentation

A

Lightheadedness, Weakness, Blurred vision, Palpitations, Nausea, Syncope

65
Q

Postural Hypotension Treatment

A

Increase salt and water intake, Compression stockings, Fludrocortisone

Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions (12 decks)

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