Respiratory Flashcards
names the components of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
Upper;
Oral cavity/ nasal cavity
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laringopharynx, larynx
Lower; Trachea Bronchus Bronchiolles Alveoli
At which vertebral level does the upper respiratory tract become the lower resp tract?
C6
Where the larynx becomes the trachea and the pharynx becomes the oesophagus
What are the two types of pleura in the thoracic space? How are they defined?
Parietal - touching body wall
Visceral- touching organ
What is the clinical significance of the sternal angle, costal margin and xiphoid process?
Sternal angle signifies attachments of rib 2
Xiphoid process acts as an origin for diaphragm muscles and important in emergency as it is used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Costal margin allows attachment of the false ribs
What are the ‘joints of breathing’
Costovertebral joint; between ribs and vertebrae (rib head articulates with the transverse process)
Costochondral joints; between ribs and cartilage to bind to the sternum
What muscles are involved in ‘normal’ breathing?
Intercostal muscles;
- External intercostals (hands front pockets)
- Internal intercoastals (hands on chest)
- Innermost intercostals (horizontal)
Diaphragm
What is the innervation of the muscles of breathing?
Anterior rami of C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive
Describe the blood supply to the intercostal muscles
Anteriorly;
- internal thoracic artery
- internal thoracic vein
Posteriorly;
- thoracic aorta
- azygous vein
What is the innervation of the intercostal muscles?
Anterior ramus of spinal nerve
Describe the anatomy the female breast (quadrants, realtion with pectroal fasic, muscles, blood and lymph supplies)
Four quadrants (superior lateral -> inferior medial)
Attaches to the pectoral fascia
Venous drainage into the subclavian vein
Arterial supply from the internal thoracic artery (branch of the subclavian artery)
Lymph drainage from medial sectors into the parasternal nodes (side of the sternum)
From lateral sectors into the axillary nodes
What arteries supply the lung itself with oxygenated blood?
The unilateral branch of the thoracic aorta
How is negative pressure created in the lungs allowing air to enter?
By diaphragm contracting and descending and the intercostal muscles contracting and lifting the ribs increasing the chest dimesions
What is the function of the muscle serratus anterior? What is its innervation? Where is it located/ what look like?
To anchor the scapula to the thoracic cavity, located laterally on chest and looks like feathers.
Innervated by the long thoracic nerve
What is the attachments of the pectoralis minor?
Coracoid process of the scapula and ribs 3-5
What is the function of the scalenus anterior, what muscle does it lie deep to
To lift the first rib and to allow the neck to tilt to the side, lies deep to the sternoclamastoid muscle
Where in the right lung root does the main bronchus lie?
Posteriorly superior
Where in the right lung root does the veins lie?
Most anteriorly
Where in the left lung does the main bronchus lie?
Posteriorly medial
Where in the left lung root does the pulmonary artery lie?
Most superiorly
In the lung root what type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood
In the lung root what type of blood do the pulmonary arteries carry?
Deoxygenated
Describe the process of coughing including nerves
Sensory receptors in mucosa of oral cavity stimulated (vagus or glossopharyngeal)
This causes deep inspiration using diaphragm (phrenic nerve), intercostal muscles (intercostal nerves) and accessory muscles of inspiration
Adduction of vocal cords closing rima glottidis (vagus)
(Causes incresed pressure then SUDDENLY)
Vocal cords abduct, soft palate tenses and elevates (vagus) and coughing occurs
What are the nerve supplies to the nasal cavity?
Trigeminal nerve V1 (opthalmic) and V2 (maxillary)
What structures do the carotid sheaths enclose? What is its function
The vagus nerve
Internal carotid artery
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
To protect them from damage
