Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy JC > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

names the components of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

A

Upper;

Oral cavity/ nasal cavity
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laringopharynx, larynx

Lower; 
Trachea
Bronchus 
Bronchiolles
Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

At which vertebral level does the upper respiratory tract become the lower resp tract?

A

C6

Where the larynx becomes the trachea and the pharynx becomes the oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of pleura in the thoracic space? How are they defined?

A

Parietal - touching body wall

Visceral- touching organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the clinical significance of the sternal angle, costal margin and xiphoid process?

A

Sternal angle signifies attachments of rib 2

Xiphoid process acts as an origin for diaphragm muscles and important in emergency as it is used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Costal margin allows attachment of the false ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the ‘joints of breathing’

A

Costovertebral joint; between ribs and vertebrae (rib head articulates with the transverse process)

Costochondral joints; between ribs and cartilage to bind to the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What muscles are involved in ‘normal’ breathing?

A

Intercostal muscles;

  1. External intercostals (hands front pockets)
  2. Internal intercoastals (hands on chest)
  3. Innermost intercostals (horizontal)

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of breathing?

A

Anterior rami of C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the blood supply to the intercostal muscles

A

Anteriorly;

  • internal thoracic artery
  • internal thoracic vein

Posteriorly;

  • thoracic aorta
  • azygous vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the innervation of the intercostal muscles?

A

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the anatomy the female breast (quadrants, realtion with pectroal fasic, muscles, blood and lymph supplies)

A

Four quadrants (superior lateral -> inferior medial)

Attaches to the pectoral fascia

Venous drainage into the subclavian vein

Arterial supply from the internal thoracic artery (branch of the subclavian artery)

Lymph drainage from medial sectors into the parasternal nodes (side of the sternum)
From lateral sectors into the axillary nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What arteries supply the lung itself with oxygenated blood?

A

The unilateral branch of the thoracic aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is negative pressure created in the lungs allowing air to enter?

A

By diaphragm contracting and descending and the intercostal muscles contracting and lifting the ribs increasing the chest dimesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the muscle serratus anterior? What is its innervation? Where is it located/ what look like?

A

To anchor the scapula to the thoracic cavity, located laterally on chest and looks like feathers.

Innervated by the long thoracic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the attachments of the pectoralis minor?

A

Coracoid process of the scapula and ribs 3-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the scalenus anterior, what muscle does it lie deep to

A

To lift the first rib and to allow the neck to tilt to the side, lies deep to the sternoclamastoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where in the right lung root does the main bronchus lie?

A

Posteriorly superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where in the right lung root does the veins lie?

A

Most anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where in the left lung does the main bronchus lie?

A

Posteriorly medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where in the left lung root does the pulmonary artery lie?

A

Most superiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In the lung root what type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the lung root what type of blood do the pulmonary arteries carry?

A

Deoxygenated

22
Q

Describe the process of coughing including nerves

A

Sensory receptors in mucosa of oral cavity stimulated (vagus or glossopharyngeal)

This causes deep inspiration using diaphragm (phrenic nerve), intercostal muscles (intercostal nerves) and accessory muscles of inspiration

Adduction of vocal cords closing rima glottidis (vagus)

(Causes incresed pressure then SUDDENLY)

Vocal cords abduct, soft palate tenses and elevates (vagus) and coughing occurs

23
Q

What are the nerve supplies to the nasal cavity?

A

Trigeminal nerve V1 (opthalmic) and V2 (maxillary)

24
Q

What structures do the carotid sheaths enclose? What is its function

A

The vagus nerve
Internal carotid artery
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein

To protect them from damage

25
Q

What is the nerve supply to the bronchioles?

A

The pulmonary plexus which is composed of sympathetics and parasympathetics (vagus nerve) and visceral afferents

26
Q

What is the course of the phrenic nerve in the thorax?

A

Moves anterior to the lung root

27
Q

What nerves innervate the intercostal muscles?

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11

28
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major muscle? What is its function?

A

Sternum and ribs/ humerus

If upper limbs are fixed the muscle can pull the ribs up and outwards

29
Q

Name the accessory muscle of deep inspiration

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus anterior, medius and posterior

30
Q

Describe the larynx in terms of muscle type, innervation and function

A

Skeletal

Move cartilage rings allowing movement of vocal cords

Supplied by vagus nerve

31
Q

Describe the course of the vagus nerve from brain to lungs

A

Bound at the medulla oblongata of the brainstem

Then descend through the jugular foramen

Descending posterior to the lung roots

Right and left converge to form the pulmonary plexus

32
Q

Describe the abdominal wall muscle layers

A

The external oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus

These sit laterally

Then medially is the right and left rectus abdominus

33
Q

What is the attachments of the external oblique?

A

Superiorly to the lower ribs and inferiorly to the anterior iliac crest and pubic tubercle

34
Q

What is the midline referred to as in the aponeurosis between the external obliques?

A

The line alba

35
Q

What is the attachments of the internal oblique and transversus abdominus?

A

Superiorly to the lower ribs and inferiorly to the iliac crest and the thoracolumbar fascia

36
Q

What nerves make the thoracoabdominal nerve that supply the abdominal body wall

A

The 7th to 11th intercostal nerves

37
Q

Name some of the functions of the abdominal muscles

A

Maintain posture

Support vertebral column

Facilitate movements of the spine

Guarding to protect the abdominal viscera

Increase intraabdominal pressure aiding defecation, micturition (urination) and labour

38
Q

Describe how someone can develop a simple pneumothorax (2cm gap or less between lung and parietal pleura)

A

In asthma where expiration can be difficult there is a build of air and pressure in alveoli which can lead to the rupture of a lung. This means the vacuum is lost so pressure is lost and the lung tissue recoils. (

39
Q

What is defined as a large pneumothorax

A

More than a 2cm gap between lung and parietal pleura

40
Q

Summarise the process for diagnosing a pneumothorax

A

History

Reduced Ipsilateral chest expansion

Reduced ipsilateral breath sounds

Hyper resonance on percussion

CXR with lung edge visible

41
Q

What are the treatment options for a large pneumothorax, using what anatomical landmarks

A

Needle aspiration (thoracentesis)

Sitting of a chest drain in the 4th or 5th intercostal space midaxillary line

42
Q

What is the treatment for an emergency tension pneumothorax

A

Large gauge cannula inserted into pleural cavity via 2/3rd intercostal space midclavicular line

43
Q

What is a hernia? Requirments for its formation?

A

Any structure passing thorugh another ending up in the wrong place

  1. Weakness of commonly the body wall
  2. Increased pressure on one side of the wall
44
Q

What are some common hernias formed due to chronic cough?

A

Umbilical
Diaphragmatic
Inguinal
Femoral

45
Q

Describe the anatomy of the diaphragm

A

Dome shape with a caval opening allowing passage of the IVC, oesophagus and aorta

46
Q

What is the difference between a paraoesophageal hiatus hernia and a sliding hiatus hernia?

A

Para; where part of stomach moves superiorly through the hiatus to become paralell to the chest

Sliding; where part of stomach moves through the oesophageal hiatus to bulge out including the gastro-oesophageal junction

47
Q

Describe the anatomy of the inguinal canals

A

Contain inguinal ligaments providing the bottom part of the tube which attach between the ASIS (iliac spine) and the pubic tubercle

Contains an entrance known as the deep ring and the exit known as the superficial ring (made from the external oblique aponeurosis)

48
Q

How are the inguinal canals formed?

A

From the descent of the primary sex organs into the perineum e.g testes or round ligament of the uterus

49
Q

How do you differentiate between a direct and indirect herniae

A

A direct herniae; is when the inguinal canal wall is breached and periotneum exits via the superficial ring

An indirect herniae is when the periotenum enters the deep ring and exits the superficial ring

Push herniae back in body wall, occlude deep ring with hand, ask patient to cough;

  1. If herniae reappears then direct
  2. If herniae doesnt reappear then indirect
50
Q

Describe the anatomy of the spermatic cord

A

Contains the vas deferens

Right testicular artery (branch of abdo aorta)

Papniform plexus of veins (drains into ivc)

Autonomic nerves

51
Q

What is the vertebral level of the sternal angle?

A

T4

Anatomy JC (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions