Endocrine Flashcards
What is the membrane structure that attaches the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?
The thyrohyoid membrane
What structure does the thyroid sit superior to?
Trachea
What happens to the thyroid gland during swallowing?
It will move superior then inferiorly with the larynx during swallowing
Where are the parathyroid glands situated in relation to the thyroid gland?
Posterior surface
Describe the embryological formation of the thyroid gland
Starts at the posterior surgface of the tongue then descend to its adult position on thyroid cartilage through the thyroglossal duct by the 7th week of development
Name the fascial compartments of the neck at C7 axial level
Prevertebral deep fascial compartment
Investing fascia
Carotid sheaths
Pretrachial fascia
What structures are enclosed within the prevertebral deep fascial compartments?
The postural neck muscles and the cervical vertebrae
What structures are enclosed within the investing fascia of the vertebral level C7
Trapezius
Sternocleiodomastoid
What structures are enclosed within the carotid sheaths of the vertebral level C7
Internal carotid artery Common carotid artery Internal jugular veins Vagus nerve Deep cervical lymph nodes
What structures are enclosed within the pretrachial fascia of the vertebral level C7
Oesophagus, trachea, thyroid gland, strap muscles,
What are the strap muscles? What is their function?
Active role in swallowing and movement of the larynx and depress the hyoid bone
Superficially;
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid muscles
Deep;
Thyrohoid
Sternothyroid muscles
How can infection spread to the mediastinum from the cervical region?
Due to the retropharyngeal space being continous with the mediastinum there can be infectious spread. This space is deep to the carotid sheaths
What structure do the superior thyroid arteries arise from ?
The external carotid arteries
What structure do the inferior thyroid arteries arise from ?
The thyrocervical trunks of the subclavian arteries
What structure do the superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins come from ?
Inferior come from the left brachiocephalic vein
The middle and superior thyroid veins come from the respective left and right internal jugular veins
What is the lymphatic drainage surrounding the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
The superior and inferior deep cervical nodes (on the surface of the internal jugular vein) The pretracheal nodes (on the midline surface of the trachea) Paratracheal nodes (either side of the trachea)
Where does the lymphatic drainage from the right side of the deep cervical lymph nodes go?
Right venous angle
Where does the lymphatic drainage from the left superior lymph nodes go?
The left venous angle (thoracic duct)
What structures do the left and right vagus nerves hook underneath?
Left= arch of aorta esp. ligamentum arteriosus
Right; subclavian artery
What are the two muscular landmarks that define the posterior triangle of the neck?
Clavicular head of the sternocleiomastoid and the trapezius is the posterior triangle
If someone has damaged the reccurent laryngeal nerve, what symptoms would you expect?
Hoarsness of the voice
Weak cough
If both are damaged then inability to talk, close rima glottis so inhale foreign bodies
What is the diencephalon composed of ?
The thalamus and the hypothalamus
How is the pituitary gland and hypothalamus attached?
Via the infundibulum (a funnel)
What are some of the hormones released from the neurohypophysis? (Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland)
Oxytocin
ADH
What are some of the hormones released and synthesised from the adenohypophysis? (Anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Growth H Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic H Follicle stimulating H Lutenising H Prolactin
Light from the temporal side of visual field will go the nasal retina. T/F?
TRUE they go to the opposite side due to light travelling in straigh lines
What cell types are present in the retina?
Rods and cones
The Right temporal side of vision will be processed by the ________ retina and hence will be processed by the ______ side of the brain.
right Nasal retina
Left side of the brain
What nerves compose the optic chiasm?
Right and left optic nerves CNII
Is the central part of the optic chiasm becomes compressed from a pituitary gland tumour. What symptoms would you expect?
Bitemporal hemianopia; blind in peripheral vision as the cross over of nerves from both NASAL retina lie in the midline.
If have pituitary tumour what are the two methods to extract it?
Transsphenoidal approach (through the nose and break sphenoid bone)
Transcranial approach (through subfrontal lobe)
What are the nerves contained within the the periphery of the pituitary gland? From superior to inferior?
CN III oculomotor CN IV trochlear CN V1 opthalmic CNV2 maxillary division of trigeminal CN VI abducent nerve
What are the sinuses around the eyes? Think osteology of the skull
Right and left frontal sinuses
Right and left sphenoid sinuses
R/L ethmoid air cells
R/L maxillary sinuses
What is the function of the sinuses?
Make mucous to drain into the nasal cavities through ostia, and add resonance to the voice and reduce the weight of the skull
What is a le fort fracture I?
Axial section through the maxilla
