Endocrine

Question 1

What is the membrane structure that attaches the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?

Answer 1

The thyrohyoid membrane

Question 2

What structure does the thyroid sit superior to?

Answer 2

Trachea

Question 3

What happens to the thyroid gland during swallowing?

Answer 3

It will move superior then inferiorly with the larynx during swallowing

Question 4

Where are the parathyroid glands situated in relation to the thyroid gland?

Answer 4

Posterior surface

Question 5

Describe the embryological formation of the thyroid gland

Answer 5

Starts at the posterior surgface of the tongue then descend to its adult position on thyroid cartilage through the thyroglossal duct by the 7th week of development

Question 6

Name the fascial compartments of the neck at C7 axial level

Answer 6

Prevertebral deep fascial compartment
Investing fascia
Carotid sheaths
Pretrachial fascia

Question 7

What structures are enclosed within the prevertebral deep fascial compartments?

Answer 7

The postural neck muscles and the cervical vertebrae

Question 8

What structures are enclosed within the investing fascia of the vertebral level C7

Answer 8

Trapezius

Sternocleiodomastoid

Question 9

What structures are enclosed within the carotid sheaths of the vertebral level C7

Answer 9

Internal carotid artery 
Common carotid artery 
Internal jugular veins
Vagus nerve
Deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 10

What structures are enclosed within the pretrachial fascia of the vertebral level C7

Answer 10

Oesophagus, trachea, thyroid gland, strap muscles,

Question 11

What are the strap muscles? What is their function?

Answer 11

Active role in swallowing and movement of the larynx and depress the hyoid bone

Superficially;
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid muscles

Deep;
Thyrohoid
Sternothyroid muscles

Question 12

How can infection spread to the mediastinum from the cervical region?

Answer 12

Due to the retropharyngeal space being continous with the mediastinum there can be infectious spread. This space is deep to the carotid sheaths

Question 13

What structure do the superior thyroid arteries arise from ?

Answer 13

The external carotid arteries

Question 14

What structure do the inferior thyroid arteries arise from ?

Answer 14

The thyrocervical trunks of the subclavian arteries

Question 15

What structure do the superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins come from ?

Answer 15

Inferior come from the left brachiocephalic vein

The middle and superior thyroid veins come from the respective left and right internal jugular veins

Question 16

What is the lymphatic drainage surrounding the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 16

The superior and inferior deep cervical nodes (on the surface of the internal jugular vein)
The pretracheal nodes (on the midline surface of the trachea)
Paratracheal nodes (either side of the trachea)

Question 17

Where does the lymphatic drainage from the right side of the deep cervical lymph nodes go?

Answer 17

Right venous angle

Question 18

Where does the lymphatic drainage from the left superior lymph nodes go?

Answer 18

The left venous angle (thoracic duct)

Question 19

What structures do the left and right vagus nerves hook underneath?

Answer 19

Left= arch of aorta esp. ligamentum arteriosus

Right; subclavian artery

Question 20

What are the two muscular landmarks that define the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 20

Clavicular head of the sternocleiomastoid and the trapezius is the posterior triangle

Question 21

If someone has damaged the reccurent laryngeal nerve, what symptoms would you expect?

Answer 21

Hoarsness of the voice
Weak cough
If both are damaged then inability to talk, close rima glottis so inhale foreign bodies

Question 22

What is the diencephalon composed of ?

Answer 22

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 23

How is the pituitary gland and hypothalamus attached?

Answer 23

Via the infundibulum (a funnel)

Question 24

What are some of the hormones released from the neurohypophysis? (Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland)

Answer 24

Oxytocin

ADH

Question 25

What are some of the hormones released and synthesised from the adenohypophysis? (Anterior lobe of pituitary gland)

Answer 25

Growth H
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic H
Follicle stimulating H 
Lutenising H
Prolactin

Question 26

Light from the temporal side of visual field will go the nasal retina. T/F?

Answer 26

TRUE they go to the opposite side due to light travelling in straigh lines

Question 27

What cell types are present in the retina?

Answer 27

Rods and cones

Question 28

The Right temporal side of vision will be processed by the ________ retina and hence will be processed by the ______ side of the brain.

Answer 28

right Nasal retina

Left side of the brain

Question 29

What nerves compose the optic chiasm?

Answer 29

Right and left optic nerves CNII

Question 30

Is the central part of the optic chiasm becomes compressed from a pituitary gland tumour. What symptoms would you expect?

Answer 30

Bitemporal hemianopia; blind in peripheral vision as the cross over of nerves from both NASAL retina lie in the midline.

Question 31

If have pituitary tumour what are the two methods to extract it?

Answer 31

Transsphenoidal approach (through the nose and break sphenoid bone)

Transcranial approach (through subfrontal lobe)

Question 32

What are the nerves contained within the the periphery of the pituitary gland? From superior to inferior?

Answer 32

CN III oculomotor
CN IV trochlear
CN V1 opthalmic
CNV2 maxillary division of trigeminal 
CN VI abducent nerve

Question 33

What are the sinuses around the eyes? Think osteology of the skull

Answer 33

Right and left frontal sinuses
Right and left sphenoid sinuses
R/L ethmoid air cells
R/L maxillary sinuses

Question 34

What is the function of the sinuses?

Answer 34

Make mucous to drain into the nasal cavities through ostia, and add resonance to the voice and reduce the weight of the skull

Question 35

What is a le fort fracture I?

Answer 35

Axial section through the maxilla