ENT Flashcards
What is the innervation of the 1st pharyngeal arch?
CNv2 and V3
What is the innervation of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
CNVII
What is the innervation of the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
CNIX glossopharyngeal
What is the innervation of the 4th pharyngeal arch?
Superior laryngeal nerve
What is the innervation of the 6th pharyngeal arch?
Reccurent laryngeal nerve
From what embryological layer do the pharyngeal pouches come from ?
Endoderm
From what embryological layer do the pharyngeal clefts come from ?
Ectoderm
From what embryological layer do the pharyngeal arches come from ?
Mesenchymal tissue from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm
What pharyngeal arch makes the maxilla, mandible, muscles of mastication and incus and malleus?
Arch 1 innervated by CN V2/3
A muscle is supplied by the facial nerve. What pharyngeal arch must it come from?
Arch 2
What arch makes the greater horn, lower part of the hyoid bone and stylpharyngeus?
Arch 3
What pharyngeal arch makes the laryngeal cartilages
Arch 4 and 6
What are the muscles formed from the 4th laryngeal arch
Cricothyroid
Levator veli palatini
Pharyngeal constrictors
What are the muscles formed from the 6th laryngeal arch
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
What pharyngeal pouch forms the middle ear, tympanic membrane and eustachian tube
Pouch 1
What pharyngeal pouch forms thepalatine tonsils
Pouch 2
What pharyngeal pouch forms the inferior parathyroid gland an thymus?
Pouch 3
Pharyngeal Pouch 4 makes what structures?
Superior parathyroid gland Ultimobranchial body (thyroid gland, c cells)
At what stage is the semicircular canals formed?
Week 6
What structure then goes on to form the semicircular canals and cochlear?
The otic vesicle
What pharyngeal arches proliferate and fuse to make the external ear?
1 and 2
What bones make up the nasal cavity
Ethmoid bone, the maxilla and the nasal bones
Waht is anosmia
The loss of smell
Man fractures his cribiform plate of ethmoid. What might his symptom be?
Loss of smell due to the olfactory nerve coming through there
What is kiesselbachs area
Point in the anterioinferior septum of the nose where there are many arterial anastamosis
What is epitaxis?
Nose bleed
What are the three types of mucosa found in the nasal cavity
Stratigied squamous epithelium
Respiratory epithelium
Olfactory epithelium
What are the two nerves that supply the somatic sensory part of the nasal cavity
Ophthalmic division of CNV5 (anterior ethmoidal nerve)
Maxillary division of CN V5 (nasopalatine nerve)
What two bones make up the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Vomer
What structure drains into the inferior meatus?
The nasolacrimal duct
Where does the superior meatus drain into?
The sphenoid sinus
Where does the middle meatus drain into?
The semilunar hiatus (opening for the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus and the anterior ehtmoidal sinus)
Where does the ethmoidal bulla drain into?
Middle ehtmoidal cells
What is the definition os sinusitis?
Inflammation of the mucosa in 1 or more of the paranasal sinus
What is respiratory epithelium?
Pseudostratified culumnar stratified cililated epithelium 6
State some of the innervations of the facial nerve?
Motor to stapedium
Taste to anterior 2/3rd tongue
Secretomotor to salivary and lacrimal gland
General sensation to external ear
What is the innervation of the main body of helix to the antihelix and down to the lobe?
C2/3 spinal nerves
What is the innervation of the superior parts of the external ear and most of the tympanic membrane?
CN V3
What is the main supply of the inferior parts of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane
CN X
Where does all lymphatic drainage fo to ?
Deep cervical nodes in the carotid sheath
What is the main nerve supply of the tympanic membrae>
CNV3 (internally then CNIX)
And are the three bones of the middle ear (auditory ossicles)? What type of joint are they?
MIS
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
(Synovial joints
What are the muscles of the inner ear
Stapedius (CNVII)
Tensor tympani
Describe the boundaries of the tympanic cavity e.g what structures surround it
Roof- middle cranial fossa
Floor- jugular vein
Medial wall- labyrinth
Lateral wall- membranous/ tympanic wall
What structures does the eustachian tube connect?
Anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx
What is the nerve supply to the eustachian tube? What is the relevance
CNIX
Common supply to also tonsils and pharynx so can have referred pain in form of earache
What is the functio of the stapedius?
Reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear
How would you clinically test the frontalis, orbicularis oculi, elevator of lips and orbicularis oris muscles?
A. Frontalis- frown
B. Orbicularis oculi- shut eyes tightly
C. Elevator of lips- smile
D. Orbicularis oris- maintain puffed out cheeks
What does the otic capsule contain?
The cochlea and the semicircular canals
They are suspended within perilymph and themselves contain endolymph fluid
Through what structure does the stapes transmit soundinto the otic capsule and into the cochlea
Oval window
What part of the vestibular apparatus detect horizontal movement and what part detects vertical movement
Urticle detect horizontal movement
Saccule detects vertical movement
What part of your ear is involved with nbalance?
The semicircular canals
What is the area in the cochlea superior to the basilar membare?
Scala vestibuli
What is the area in the cochlea inferior to the basilar membare/ spiral ligament?
Scala tympani
What is the innervationof the cochlea and vestibule?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
What area of the brain does the taste sense go to ?
Brainstem, thalamus, then Cortical gustatory areas
Describe the innervation of the tongue?
7th nerve does the anterior 2/3 tongue
9th does posterior 1/3
What ionic stimulation gives a salty taste?
NaCl
What ionic stimulation gives a sour taste?
Acid like H+
What ionic stimulation gives a sweet taste?
Glucose
What ionic stimulation gives a bitter taste?
Alkaloids
Poisonous substances
Toxic plant derivatives
What ionic stimulation gives a umami taste?
Amnio acids likel glutamate
Name the 5 swellings that give rise to the facial structures
Frontonasal prominence
Maxillary prominence x2
Mandibular prominence x2
At what week of develop[ment do the medial and lateral nasal swellings arise?
Week 5
What structures fuse to form the primary palate in the fetus?
Fusion of the medial nasal prominences form the intermaxillary segment
What structures fuse to form the secondary palate?
Right and left palatal shelves
What is the innervation of the muscles of the pharynx
Vagus nerve EXCEPT stylopharyngeus CNIX
What structure of the cricoid compresses the oesophagus during cricoid pressure for ventilation
Lamina of the cricoid cartilage
What muscles of the larynx cause increaed pitch?
The tensors
Cricothyroid muscles
Wht is the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (vvocal cords)
Vagus;
- intrinsic muscles are inferior laryngeal nerve
- ECEPT cricothyroid for external laryngeal nervej
What muscles of the larynx allow decreasing pitch of voice?
Thyroartenoid muscles
What intrinsic mucles of the larynx allow quieting fo the voice?
Adductors
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
Arytenoid muscles
What muscles of the larynx allow the voice to get louder?
Abductors
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
