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Anatomy JC > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve crosses the lateral borders of the pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve

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2
Q

What is the function of the epicardium on the surface of the heart>

A

To secrete pericardial fluid

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3
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

Where pressure around the heart builds due to the pericardial cavity filling with fluid which can prevent contraction

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4
Q

What is pericardiocentesis? How is the entry point for it indicated?

A

Where a needle is inserted via the infrasternal angle as indicated by the xiphoid process and drains fluid in the pericardial cavity

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5
Q

What manouvere is performed by surgeons allowing them to identify and isolate the great vessels of the heart for open heart surgery?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

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6
Q

What groove of the heart does the right coronary artery lie in?

A

Coronary groove

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7
Q

What groove of the heart does the LAD artery lie in?

A

Anterior interventricular groove

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8
Q

What do all of the coronary veins drain into?

A

The coronary sinus

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9
Q

What are some of the features of the right atrium?

A

Opening for SVC and IVC
Opening for the coronary sinus
Oval fossa
Crista terminalis (smooth muscle ridge)

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10
Q

Describe the heart valves in terms of types of cusps

A

Pulmonary; semilunar with anterior right and left cusps

Aortic; semilunar with anterior right, left and posterior cusps

Tricuspid; leaflet, tendinous cords, papillary muscle, anterior, posterior and septal cusps

Mitral; leaflet, anterior and posterior cusps

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11
Q

Give some features of the interior left atrium

A

Openings for pulmonary veins

Remains of foramen ovale

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12
Q

Name the places to ausculate for the 4 valves?

A

Aortic; right 2nd intercostal sternal edge

Pulmonary; left 2nd intercostal sternal edge

Tricuspid; left 4th intercostal sternal edge

Mitral; apex beat 5th intercostal mid clavicular USUALLY

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13
Q

What valves make the 1st heart sound? Lub

A

Tricuspid and mitral closing

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14
Q

What valves make the second heart sound? Dub

A

Pulmonary and aortic closing

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15
Q

At what vertebral levels do the sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2/3

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16
Q

At what vertebral level are the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves exiting the spinal cord?

A

T1-T5

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17
Q

What cranial nerves are responsible for parasympathetic stimulation?

A

CN III occulomotor nerve

CN VII facial nerve

CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve

CN X vagus nerve

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18
Q

Define radiating central chest pain

A

Where pain is felt in the centre of patients chest and felt spreading to another location, commonly back, jaw, neck

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19
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for processing somatic sensations?

A

Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe (sensory strip )

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20
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for contractions of skeletal muscle?

A

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe (Motor strip)

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21
Q

What structure does the right vagus nerve cross in the mediastinum? Moving posterior or anterior to root of the lung?

A

The trachea and oesophagus

Posterior

22
Q

What structure does the left vagus nerve cross in the mediastinum? Moving posterior or anterior to root of the lung?

A

Aorta

Posterior

23
Q

Does the phrenic nerve pass anterior or posterior to the root of the lung on the left and right side?

A

Anterior, also lying lateral to the pericardium

24
Q

Where does the thoracic duct lie?

A

The duck between two gooses

Between the azygous vein and the oesophagus

25
Q

Describe visceral pain

A

Dull, aching, poorly localised

26
Q

Describe somatic pain

A

Sharp localised

27
Q

What are the common coronary vessels to be blocked

A

Right coronary artery
LAD
Circumflex
Left coronary artery

28
Q

What are the commonly used grafts in coronary artery. Bypass grafting? (CABG)

A

Saphenous vein

Mammary artery (internal thoracic)

Radial artery

29
Q

What is the blood supply to the nodes and bundle branches of the heart

A

Posterior interventricular artery

LAD/ anterior interventricular artery

30
Q

What is the function of the left thoracic duct?

A

Carries lymph to left venous angle

31
Q

Function of azygous vein/?

A

Carry venous blood from intercostal veins to SVC

32
Q

What is the cisterna chyli

A

Swollen start of thoracic duct in the abdomen

33
Q

What does the L. Reccurent laryngeal hook underneath?

A

Arch of aorta

34
Q

What does the R. /Reccurent laryngeal hook underneath?

A

Left subclavian artery

35
Q

What type of fibres pass through anterior rami

A

Sensory nerve fibres

36
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply?

A
  • mediastinal parietal pleura
  • fibrous pericardium
  • diaphragmatic parietal pleura
  • diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum
37
Q

How can pain be referred from the diaphragm to the shoulder?

A

As the supraclavicular nerves also exit the spinal cord at level C3,4 similar to the phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) this can cause the brain to refer the pain to the more superficial structure

38
Q

Does the right or left venous angle drain the majority of the lymph from the body (3/4 including left upper, and lower parts)

A

Theleft venous angle as supplied by the thoracic duct

39
Q

Nerve lies anterior to the hilum of trhe lung. What is it

A

Phrenic

40
Q

Nerve lies posterior to the hilum of trhe lung. What is it

A

Vagus

41
Q

What are the 4 most common places for coronary artery occlusion in descending order

A
  1. LAD
  2. Right coronary artery
  3. Circumflex branch of LCA
  4. Left coronary artery
42
Q

What are the most common vessels used in CABG

A

Great saphenous vein
Radial artery
Internal thoracic artery

43
Q

Define aortic dissection

A

Split of the artery 2cm above the AV valve causing blood to fill int eh vessel wall

44
Q

What syndrome makes it more likely to get aortic dissections?

A

Marfans

45
Q

Where is the azygous vein located?

A

On the right side passing posterior to the root of the lung

Immediately superior the lung draining into the SVC

46
Q

What areas of the body drain into the left venous angle?

A

The upper left quadrant

Lower limbs and abdomen

47
Q

What areas of the body drain into the right lymphatic duct

A

Upper right quadrant

48
Q

Where is the right bagus nerve found in the mediastinum

A

On the trachea posterior to the lung root

49
Q

Where would you locate the left vagus nerve within the mediastimum

A

Crosses the arch of aorta anterior to the root of the lung

50
Q

What lymph nodes when swollen may compress the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

Anatomy JC (12 decks)

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