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Anatomy JC > Opthamology > Flashcards

Opthamology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bones that make up the bony orbit e.g roof, medial wall, floor, lateral wall

A

Roof; frontal bone
Medial wall; sphenoid and lacrimal
Floor; maxilla
Lateral wall; zygomatic

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2
Q

What are some of the feautres of the frontal bone in the bony orbit

A

Have a supraorbital notch/ foramen

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3
Q

What is a feature of the maxilla in the bony orbit?

A

Infraorbital foramen

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4
Q

Give a feature of the sphenoid bone within the bony orbit

A

Superior orbital fissure

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5
Q

What passes through theh infraorbital notch in the maxilla?

A

Nerves for sensation of the the face

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6
Q

What muscle lifts the upper eye lid? What is its innervation?

A

Levator palpebrae superiorious

CN III oculomotor

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7
Q

What is ptosis? How is it caused?

A

From damage to the third nerve (oculomotor) meaning cannot open eye lid

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8
Q

What produces the aqueous humour in the anterior chamber of the eye

A

Ciliary cells

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9
Q

Where does the aqueous humour from the anterior chamber drain into ?

A

Scleral venous sinus

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10
Q

What fluid is contained in the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

Vitreous fluid

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11
Q

What nerve supplies the lacrimal gland?

A

CN VII facial nerve

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12
Q

Describe the path of tears from the lacrimal gland to the nasolacrimal duct

A

Blinking sweeps it into the caniculli (medial side), where it is then drained into the lacrimal sac then the nasolacrimal duct

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13
Q

What are the extra-ocular muscles of the eye?

A

Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the inferior oblique, superior rectus and inferior rectus?

A

Oculomotor nerve

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15
Q

Lateral rectus muscles is innervated by what nerve?

A

Abducent nerve

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16
Q

The superior oblique is innervated by what nerve?

A

Trochlear

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17
Q

Where would you ask a patient to look if you were testing their lateral rectus?

A

Midline and out

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18
Q

Where would you ask a patient to look if you were testing their inferior oblique?

A

Up and out

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19
Q

Where would you ask a patient to look if you were testing their superior oblique

A

Down and out

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20
Q

Where would you ask a patient to look if you were testing their superior rectus?

A

Up and in (to the nose)

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21
Q

Where would you ask a patient to look if you were testing their inferior rectus?

A

In and down (to nose)

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22
Q

What nerve carries afferent fibres in the eye e.g transmit light from outworld into the eye as a electrical signal?

A

Optic nerve

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23
Q

What nerve carries the efferent signals in the eye? E.g motor innervation to the dilation and constriction

A

Oculomotor nerve

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24
Q

What is the innervation of the cornea and the conjuctiva of the eye

A

CNv1- trigeminal nerve opthalmic region

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25
Q

What is the innervation of the wings of the nose

A

CNV2 maxillary nerve

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26
Q

Describe the nerves involved with the blink relfex (corneal reflex)

A

Sensory is trigeminal CN V1
Relayed to pons
Then CN V and CN VII (facial nerve)

CN VII innervates the orbicularis oculi that then causes it to shut

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27
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A

The nerves taken from the sympathetic chain to the organs

28
Q

Describe how symapthetic axons reach the eye?

A

Exit spinal cord at T1 then travel into cervical ganglia where synapse

Post synaptic fibres now travel on the internal carotid and follow it all the way to its terminal branch the opthalmic artery

29
Q

What four cranial nerves have parasympathetic outflow

A

Oculomotor 3
Facial 7
Glossopharyngeal 9
Vagus 10

30
Q

Where do the oculomotor nerve synapse to then inervate the muscle that causes contraction or dilation of the pupil

A

Ciliary ganglion

31
Q

Where does the facial nerve synpase to then innervate the lacrimal gland?

A

Plerygopalatine ganglion

32
Q

What is the innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris

A

Oculomotor nerve

33
Q

What is the usual position of the eyelid on the eyeball?

A

Upper lid always covers some of the iris but never the pupil

34
Q

What muscle and nerve allows closing of the eye

A

Obicularis oculi

Facial nerve (CN VII)

35
Q

Define the layers of the cornea from superificial to deep

A

Epithelium, bowmans membrane, stroma, descemets membrane, endothelium

36
Q

What is the uvea a collective name for? What structures?

A

Ciliary body, iris and choroid

Due to they have the same embryological origin

37
Q

What is the function of the palpebral conjunctiva?

A

To produce a mucus type fluid that allows the water from the lacrimal gland to adhere to the eye and not just run off.

38
Q

Describe what happens to your lens when accommodating (things going from far to closer)

A

Ciliary muscle contracts (as circular muscle) to then allow the relaxation of the suspensory ligaments and so the fattening of the lens

39
Q

What nerve fibre is involved with transmitting light from the environment to the pretectable nucleus in the occipital cortex?

A

The optic nerve

40
Q

Where does the occulomotor nerve synapse to then cause effects in constricting the pupil size?

A

Ciliary body

41
Q

The eye that constricts due to light shone in it is known as the _____1____ reflex. The eye that constricts secondary to the first eye is known as the _______2____ reflex

A

1- direct reflex

2- consensual reflex

42
Q

Describe the pathway of light in the right eye including where hit retina getting to the occipital cortex when viewing an object on the temporal side of your vision

A

Hits nasal side of retina travel then down the optic nerve crosses the optic chiasm to then go into the occipital cortex on the LEFT SIDE

43
Q

Describe the pathway of light in the right eye including where hit retina getting to the occipital cortex when viewing an object on the nasal side of your vision

A

Hits the temporal side of retina, travels down optic nerve on the RIGHT SIDE to then go into the occipital cortex

44
Q

Describe the pathway of light in the left eye including where hit retina getting to the occipital cortex when viewing an object on the nasal side of your vision

A

Hits temporal side of the retina to then travel down the optic nerve on the LEFT SIDE to then go into the occipital cortex

45
Q

Describe the pathway of light in the left eye including where hit retina getting to the occipital cortex when viewing an object on the temporal side of your vision

A

Hits the nasal side of the retina, to then travel down the optic nerve and cross the optic chiasm to the RIGHT SIDE to then go to the occipital cortex

46
Q

Describe the pathway of light in the right eye including where hit retina getting to the occipital cortex when viewing an object on the superior nasal side of your vision

A

Hits the inferior part of the retina, to then travel in the inferior aspect of the optic nerve, crosses the optic chiasm to then travel in the inferior fibres through the temporal lobe to the occipital cortex

47
Q

Describe the pathway of light in the right eye, including where hit retina getting to the occipital cortex, when viewing an object on the inferior nasal side of your vision

A

Hits the superior part of the retina, to then travel in the superior aspect of the optic nerve, crosses the optic chiasm to then travel in the superior fibres through the parietal lobe to the occipital cortex

48
Q

Where in the brain is the oculomotor nerve found?

A

Junction between the pons and the midbrain passing through the cavernous sinus

49
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve synpase before innervating the constictor pupillae?

A

Ciliary ganglion

50
Q

Pupillary dilation is controlled by what muscle and nerve?

A

The dilator pupillae fibres

Sympathetic nerves

51
Q

What muscle is involved with constriction of the pupil and what nerve?

A

Sphincter pupillae fibres

Oculomotor parasympathetics

52
Q

What is a mydriatic pupil?

A

One that is non-physiologically enlarged

53
Q

Describe how accomodation occurs

A

The parasympathetic activate causing the contraction of the ciliary muscles so relaxation of the suspensory ligaments of the lens- allowing it to fatter to see closer objects

54
Q

Describe the innervation of the lacrimal gland

A

Parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve synpase in the psterobylpalatine ganglion to then travel in V2, V1 then to the lacrimal gland

55
Q

What are some of the possible symptoms of a raised ICP?

A 
Blurred vision
Double vision (diplopia)
Loss of vision
Papilloedema (swollen optic disc)
Pupillary changes
56
Q

Why cant the cranial cavity cope with large increases in intracranial pressure?

A

Due to the dura mater holding the brain in a fixed position with only the tentorial notch (only gap) for the cerebellum and brain stem to sit. There is no place for the fluid to go but compress the brain

57
Q

What is the covering of the optic nerve made of?

A

Meninges

58
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

59
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

Thick fibrous layer that is just deep to the bones of the skull composed of two layers. Dural venous sinuses are in between the two layers of this dura mater

60
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A

Spidery thin layer with villi structures, these villi structures carry venous fluid up into the dura mater sinuses

61
Q

Describe pia mater

A

Surrounds the brain itself goes in the sulci and gyri

It is one cell thick

62
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

A space in the brain containing CSF, most of the CSF is produced in the lateral ventricles form the choroid plexus

63
Q

Name all of the ventricles of the brain from superior to inferior

A 
Lateral ventricles 
(Interventricular foramen)
Third ventricles
(Cerebral aqueduct)
Fourth ventricle 
(Central canal)
64
Q

What muscle in the eye does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

The superior oblique

65
Q

What muscle in the eye does the abducent nerve innervate?

A

Abduct

Lateral rectus

Anatomy JC (12 decks)

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