Respiratory Flashcards
IC
IRV + TV
FRC
RV + ERV
VC
TV + IRV + ERV
TLC
IRV + TV + ERV + RV
hypoxemia, neurologic abnormalities, and petechial rash, bone trauma
fat embolism
hyperplasia of mucus secreting glands in the bronchi
chronic bronchitis
What does elastase do in emphysema to lung compliance?
Increased elastase activity results in loss of elastic fibers and increased lung compliance
smooth muscle hypertrophy, mucus plugs
Asthma–Curschmann spirals (from shed epithelium forming mucus plugs), Charcot-leyen crystals (breakdown of eosinophils in sputum)
permanently dilated airways, purulent sputum, recurrent infections, hemoptysis
bronchiectasis–chronic necrotzing infection of bronchi: associated with bronchial obstruction, poor ciliary motility (smoking), Kartagener’s, cystic fibrosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Drugs that cause pulmonary fibrosis
bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone, methotrexate
shipbuilding, roofing, plumbing, white calcified pleural plaques
asbestosis–not precancerous–associated with increased risk of bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelioma
Asbestosis, silcosis, coal worker’s pneumoconiosis affect which parts of the lung?
Asbestosis–base of lung; silicosis and coal affect upper lobes
golden brown fusiform rods that are dumbell shaped
asbestos (ferruginous bodies) rods
macrophages laden with carbon, inflammation and fibrosis
coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
eggshell calcification of hilar lymph nodes; foundries, sandblasting, mines
Silicosis–macrophages respond to silica and release fibrogenic factors–>fibrosis; silica may impair macrophages causing increased susceptibility to TB. increased risk of bronchogenic carcinoma
alveolar fluid, thickened hyaline membrane
ARDS–initial damage due to release of neutrophil substances toxic to alveolar wall, activation of coagulation cascade, free radical via O2
Primary pulmonary HTN
inactivating mutation in BMPR2 gene which normally functions to inhibit vascular smooth muscle proliferation
lung cancer associated with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
adenocarcinoma–activating kRas, EGFR, ALK mutations
keratin pearls and intercellular bridges
Squamous cell carcinoma: cavitation; cigarettes; hyperCalcemia (produces PTHrP)
Neoplasm of neuroendocrine Kulchitsky cells
Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma that may produce ACTH, ADH, Antibodies against presynaptic Ca challens (Lambert eaton syndrome); Amplification of myc oncogenes is common; small dark blue cells
pleomorphic giant cells
Large cell carcinoma–removed surgically
nests of neuroendocrine cells, chromogranin A +
Bronchial carcinoid tumor (only lung cancer not associated with smoking) occasionally has carcinoid syndrome (5HT secretion–>flushing, diarrhea, wheezing)
