Reproduction Flashcards
Sonic hedgehog gene
Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity. Involved in patterning along Anterior-posterior axis. Involved in CNS development; mutation can cause holoprosencephaly.
Wnt-7 gene
produced at apical ectodermal ridge (at distal end of each developing limb), necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis
FGF gene
produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs
Homeobox (HOX) genes
segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction, mutations cause appendages in wrong locations
ACE inhibitors: teratogenic effects
Renal damage
Alkylating agents: teratogenic effects
absence of digits, multiple anomalies
Aminoglycosides: teratogenic effects
CN VIII toxicity
Carbamazepine: teratogenic effects
Neural tube defects, craniofacial defects, fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay, intrauterine growth restriction
Diethylstilbestrol (DES): teratogenic effects
Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital Mullerian abnormalities
Folate antagonists (methotraxate, trimethoprim, pyramethamine): teratogenic effects
Neural tube defects
Lithium: teratogenic effects
Ebstein’s anomaly
Methimazole: teratogenic effects
Aplasia cutis congenita
Phenytoin: teratogenic effects
Fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, messed up head, hypoplastic nails/distal phalanges, cardiac defects, intrauterine growth restriction, retardation
Tetracyclines: teratogenic effects
discolored teeth
Thalidomide: teratogenic effects
Limb defects (phocomelia, micromelia, flipper limbs)
Valproate: teratogenic effects
Inhibition of maternal folate absorption–neural tube defects
Warfarin: teratogenic effects
bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, opthalmologic problems, use heparin instead
Smoking (nicotine, CO) effects on fetus
low birth weight, preterm labor, placental problems, IUGR, ADHD
Maternal diabetes
caudal regression syndrome, congenital heart defects, neural tube defects
Vitamin A excess
extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities
Aortic arch derivates: 1st
maxillary artery (branch of external carotid)
Aortic arch derivates: 2nd
Stapedial artery, hyoid artery
Aortic arch derivates: 3rd
Common carotid artery, proximal part of internal carotid artery
Aortic arch derivates: 4th
on left-aortic arch; on right-proximal part of right subclavian artery
Aortic arch derivates: 6th
proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus (on left only)
embryonic derivates of clefts, arches, pouches
clefts-ectoderm, arches-mesoderm, pouch-endoderm (outside to inside)
Branchial cleft derivatives: 1st cleft
external auditory meatus
Branchial cleft derivatives: 2 to 4th clefts
temporary cervical sinuses that are obliterated by expansion of 2nd arch mesenchyme
Branchial arch derivatives
When at restaurant of the golden arches, children tend to first chew (1), then smile (2), then swallow stylishly (3) or simply swallow (4) and then speak (6)
Branchial pouch derivatives
Ear (1), Tonsils (2), Bottom (3, dorsal, inferior parathyroids), To (3, ventral thymus), Top (4, superior parathyroids)
T cell deficiency, hypocalcemia, cardiac defects
DiGeorge syndrome: aberrant 3/4th pouch development–>thymic aplasia, abnormal parathyroids, conotruncal cardiac defects
MEN 2A
mutation of germline RET (neural crest cells): adrenal medulla, parathyroid, parafollicular cells are all neural crest derivatives
Testis determining factor
SRY gene on Y chromosome
Mullerian inhibiting factor
Sertoli cells secrete, supresses development of paramesonephric ducts
Stimulates development of mesonephric ducts
Leydig cells secrete androgens
Paramesonephric duct develops into:
Female internal structures: fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina
Mesonephric duct develop into:
male internal structures SEED: seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens
Primary amennorrhea with fully developed secondary sexual characteristics
Paramesonephric duct abnormalities–still have functioning ovaries
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
bicornuate uterus–recurrent miscarriages
Develop both male and female internal genitalia, with male external genitalia
No sertoli cells or lack of mullerian inhibitory factor; Leydig cells secreting testosterone are functional
Male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia
5-alpha reductase deficiency: inability to convert testosterone to DHT; ambiguous genitalia until puberty when increased testosterone causes masculinization
Genital tubercle, urogenital sinus masculinization to male genitalia
DHT (via testosterone from Leydig cell catalyzed by 5-alpha reductase)
Which side is varicocele more common on?
Left side–left gonadal vein enters left renal vein at 90 degree angle, greater left venous pressure. Right gonadal vein enters IVC directly.
Drain into para aortic lymph nodes
ovaries/testis
Drain into superficial inguinal lymph nodes
distal vaginal/vulva/scrotum
Drain into obturator, external iliac and hypogastric nodes
proximal vagina/uterus
connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall
infundibulopelvic ligament (suspensory ligament of the ovaries) containing ovarian vesseles
connects cervix to side wall of pelvis
Cardinal ligament containing uterine vessels
connects uterine fundus to labia majora
Round ligament of uterus that travels through round inguinal canal above artery of Sampson
connects uterus/fallopian tubes/ovaries to pelvic side wall
Broad ligament (mesosalpinx above ovarian ligament, mesovarium (over ovaries), mesometrium below ovarian ligament)
connects medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus
ovarian ligament, derivative of gubernaculum
Pathway of sperm during ejaculation
SEVEN UP: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, (nothing), urethra, penis
Nerve innervation during male sexual response
Point and Shoot: parasympathetic (pelvic nerve, erection), sympathetic (hypogastric nerve, emission), ejaculation (visceral/somatic nerves, pudendal nerve)
secrete inhibin and androgen binding protein
Sertoli cells that line seminiferous tubules. Inhibin inhibits FSH. Androgen binding protein maintains local levels of testosterone. Tight junctions between sertoli cells maintain blood-testis barrier (anti autoimmune attack), support and nourish spermatazoa, produce MIF, increased temp inhibits functions, aromatase to convert testosterone/andostenedione to estrogen
secrete testosterone in presence of LH
Leydig cells in the interstitium, also contain aromatase to convert T to estrogen
Converts cholesterol to androstenedione
Theca cell of follicle via desmolase. LH stimulates desmolase activity. Pulsatile GnRH stimulates LH.
Converts androstenedione to estrogens
Granulosa cell of follice via aromatase. FSH stimulates granulosa cell via pulsatile GnRH.
What are stages of menstrual cycle
Increased estrogen (endometrial proliferation, 7 days)–>LH surge (14 days)–>ovulation–>progesterone (from corpus luteum, peaks at 21 days)–>progesterone levels fall–>menstruation at 28 days
Primary oocytes
(2N, 4C) arrested in prophase I of meiosis (46 sister chromatids) until ovulation
Secondary oocytes
(1N, 2C) arrested in metaphase II of meiosis until fertilization
Exclusively breast fed infants
require vitamin D supplementation
Increased FSH along with hot flashes, vaginal atrophy
Menopause: decreased estrogen, increased FSH, increased LH (no surge), increased GnRH
