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Microbiology-Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

bacterial structures that induce TNF and IL1

A

Liptechoic acid (cell wall component unique to gram+); Lipid A (o polysaccharide antigen unique to gram - )

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2
Q

contains D-glutamate in capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

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3
Q

cell membrane with sterols, no cell wall

A

mycoplasma

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4
Q

cell walls/membrane contain mycolic acid with high lipid content

A

mycobacteria

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5
Q

Bugs that do not gram stain well:

A

Treponema, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia (these microbes may lack real color)

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6
Q

Giemsa stain

A

Chlamydia, borrelia, rickettsiae, trypanosomes, plasmodium (Certain bugs really try my patience)

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7
Q

PAS stain

A

stains glycogen (used to diagnose Tropheryma whipplei)

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8
Q

Ziehl Neelsen stain (carbol fuchsin)

A

Acid fast organisms like nocardia or mycobacterium

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9
Q

India ink

A

cryptococcus neoformans (mucicarmine can stain capsule red)

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10
Q

Silver stain

A

Fungi (pneumocystis), legionella, helicobacter pylori

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11
Q

H influenzae growth requirements:

A

Chocolate agar containing NAD+ and hematin

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12
Q

Neisseria gonorrhea, Neisseria meningitidis growth requirements

A

Thayer Martin (VPN media) vancomycin, polymyxin, nystastin

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13
Q

Bordatella pertussis growth requirements

A

Bordet Gengou potato agar

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14
Q

C diptheriae growth requirements

A

tellurite agar, loffler medium

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15
Q

M tuberculosis growth requirements

A

Lowenstein Jensen agar

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16
Q

M pneumoniae growth requirements

A

Eaton agar, requires cholesterol

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17
Q

Lactose fermenting enterics growth requirements

A

pink colonies on macConkey agar (fermentation produces acid, turning colony pink); E coli is also grown on eosin methylene blue agar as colonies with green metallic sheen

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18
Q

Legionella growth requirements

A

charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cystein and iron

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19
Q

fungi growth requirements growth requirements

A

sabouraud agar

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20
Q

What are some obligate aerobes?

A

Nocardia, Pseudomonas, MycoBacterium (nagging pests must breath)

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21
Q

What are some obligate anaerobes?

A

Closteridium, Bacteroides, actinomyces (can’t breath air)

22
Q

antibiotic that requires O2 to enter bacterial cell?

A

amino2glycosides; ineffective against anaerobes

23
Q

Obligate intracellular

A

rickettsia, chlamydia (can’t make own ATP)

24
Q

Facultative intracellular

A

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis

25
bacteria opsonized and cleared by spleen
Encapsulated bacteria: streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Neisseria meningitidis, E coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, group B strep (SHiNE, SKiS)
26
Which vaccinations to give asplenics?
S pneumo, H influ, N meningitidis vaccinations, which are conjugate vaccines that have polysaccharide capsule antigens conjugated to a carrier protein to enhance immunogenicity
27
NADPH oxidase deficient person is susceptible to..?
CGD, recurrent infections with catalase positive organisms: Psuedomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E coli, S aureus, Serratia (PLACESS for your cats)
28
Urease positive bugs
Cryptococcus, H pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S epidermidis, S saprophyticus
29
yellow sulfur granules w/ filaments of bacteria
actinomyces israelii (israel has yellow sand)
30
yellow pigment
S aureus (Au = gold)
31
blue green pigment
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (aerugula is green)
32
red pigment
Serratia marascens (maraschino cherries are red)
33
Protein A
Binds Fc region of IgG and prevents opsonization and phagocytosis--expressed by S aureus
34
IgA proteus
Enzyme that cleaves IgA; secreted by S pneumoniae, HiB, Neisseria (SHiN) to colonize respiratory mucosa
35
M protein
prevents phagocytosis--group A streptococci; binds to serum factor H, destroying C3-convertase and preventing opsonization by C3b; plasma B cells can generate antibodies against M protein which will help in opsonization and further the destruction of the microorganism by the macrophages and neutrophilis. Cross-reactivity of anti-M protein antibodies with heart muscle is the basis for rheumatic fever
36
Exotoxin vs Endotoxin heat stability?
Exotoxins are destroyed rapidly at 60 C except for Staph enterotoxin. Endotoxins are stable at 100 C for 1 hr.
37
Pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: diptheria toxin--inactivate elongation factor (EF-2)-->inhibit protein synthesis; ADP ribosylating A-B toxin
38
Toxin released by pseudomonas aeruginosa
Exotoxin A: inactivates EF2-->inhibit protein synthesis, ADP ribosylating A-B toxin
39
GI mucosal damage resulting in dysentery; also causes HUS
Shigella (shiga toxin)--inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; cytokine release-->HUS; ADP-ribosylating A-B toxin
40
causes HUS, but does not invade host cells (unlike Shigella)
EHEC (O157:H7)--shiga like toxin--inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; cytokine release-->HUS; ADP ribosylating A-B toxin
41
watery diarrhea, E coli toxin
ETEC: heat labile toxin--overactivates adenylate cyclase--increased chloride secretion in guy and water efflux; heat stable toxin overactivates guanylate cyclase-->decreases resorption of NaCl and H2O in guy
42
toxin likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax
bacillus anthacis--edema factor--mimcs adenylate cyclase enzyme--increases cAMP
43
voluminous rice water diarrhea
vibrio cholerae--cholera toxin--overactivates adenylate cyclase by permanently activating Gs-->increased Cl secretion in gut and water efflux; ADP ribosylating A-B toxin
44
toxin that released by bacteria associated with whooping cough
bordatella pertussis--pertussis toxin--overactivates adenylate cyclase by disabling Gi, impairs phagocytosis to permit microbe survival
45
spasticity, risus sardonicus, "lockjaw"
Clostridium tetani--tetanospasmin--protease that cleave SNARE proteins required for neurotransmitter release; prevents release of inhibitory GABA/glycine from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
46
Flaccid paralysis, floppy baby,
clostridium botulinum--botulinum toxin--protease that cleave SNARE proteins required for neurotransmitter release; prevents release of stimulatory Ach signals at NMJ-->flaccid paralysis
47
myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis (double zone on blood agar)
Clostridium perfringens--alpha toxin--phospholipase (lecithinase) that degrades tissue and cell membranes
48
hemolysis, ASO used to diagnose rhematic fever
streptococcus pyogenes--streptolysin O--protein that degrades cell membrane--lyses RBCs
49
toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome
staph aureus--toxic shock snydrome toxin (TSST-1); brings MHCII and TCR in proximity to outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFN-gamma and IL2-->shock
50
toxic shock syndrome: fever rash shock
streptococcus pyogenes (exotoxin A); same mechanism of action as TSST-1
51
Endotoxin (gram negatives) has what actions?
activates macrophages--IL1, TNF, NO; activates complement--C3a, C5a; activates tissue factor--coagulation cascade/DIC
52
which bacterial toxins are encoded in a lysogenic phage
ABCDE: ShigA-like toxin, Botulinum toxin, Cholera toxin, Diptheria toxin, Erythrogenic toxin of Strep Pyogenes (Strep O)

(First Aid) + Pharm + (Secrets) (36 decks)

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