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Fundamentals > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal meatus

A

Spaces b/w turbinates - filter, warm and humidify air

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2
Q

Turbinates

A

Projections w/in nose

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3
Q

Conchae

A

Nasal bones that form turbinates

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4
Q

Nares

A

Filter, warm and humidify air

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5
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space b/w lungs

Trachea and heart sit w/in mediastinum

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6
Q

Internal vs external intercostals

A 
Internal = inspiration
External = expiration
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7
Q

Pleura

A

Fluid-filled lining around lungs - visceral (lung-side) and parietal (rib-side)

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8
Q

Hilum

A

Where veins, arteries, lymph and bronchi enter lungs

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9
Q

Trace the respiratory tract

A

Nasopharynx–> oropharynx–> hypopharynx–> larynx (epiglottis, vocal cords, thyroid cartilage, crichoid cartilage)–> trachea–> lobar bronchi–> segmental–> subsegmental–> –> –> bronchioles–> alveoli

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10
Q

Number of alveoli in children/adults

A

25/300 million

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11
Q

Composition of bronchial walls

A 
Goblet cells (musin)
Cilia
Phagocytes
Smooth muscle
Cartilage and collagen
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12
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

Ports b/w alveoli

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13
Q

Acinus

A

Cluster of alveoli

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14
Q

Lung stretch receptors

A

Involved in reflex action - prevents over-inflation of lungs

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15
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air moved out of the lungs during normal respiration
Normal = 5-6 liters

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16
Q

Accessory respiratory muscles

A

Accessory Inspiration - sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

Accessory Expiration - external and internal obliques, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis

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17
Q

Compliance

A

Ability to distend

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18
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Amount left in lungs after a normal, passive expiration

Residual volume) + (expiratory reserve

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19
Q

Alveolar and pleural pressures

A

Alveoli (PA) = -1 to +1

Pleural = -7.5 to -5

20
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

Difference b/w pleural and alveolar pressures
Pressure that the solid container is seeing
Positive - lung expands
Negative - lung contracts

21
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Maximum air lung can hold; approx. 7 liters

22
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount still left after a forceful exhalation

23
Q

Vital capacity

A

Total lung capacity minus residual volume

24
Q

Transmural pressure

A

Pressure across a wall - sum of the lung and chest wall pressures
Pressure that the solid container is seeing
Equals zero at resting, + at inspiration and - at expiration

25
Q

Types of cells in alveoli

A

Type I - structural
Type II - surfactact
J - unknown
Phagocytes

26
Q

Partial pressures of O2 in alveoli and capillaries

A

PA02 - 104 mmHg

Venous mixed blood - 40 mmHg

27
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Breaths/minute

Normal = 12-16

28
Q

Minute ventilation

A

(Respiratory rate) x (tidal volume) = Volume of air moved per minute (Liters/minute)
Normal = 5-8 L/min

29
Q

Hypoxemia vs Hypoxia

A

Low P02 in the blood vs an organ

30
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Inadequate to keep PCO2 from rising above normal

31
Q

V/Q

A

Ventilation/Perfusion
Normal = .8
V/Q < .8 = inadequate ventilation, blood is shunted
V/Q > .8 = ventilation of dead space

32
Q

Vital capacity

A

(Inspiratory reserve) + (tidal volume) + (expiratory reserve)

33
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

(Tidal volume) + (inspiratory reserve)

34
Q

Total lung capacity

A

(Inspiratory reserve) + (tidal volume) + (expiratory reserve) + (residual volume)

35
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

(Expiratory reserve) + (residual volume)

36
Q

FEV1

A

Fraction of expired air exhaled in first second

37
Q

Normal (FEV1)/(FVC)

A

.8

38
Q

Obstrictive vs restrictive problems

A 
Obstruction = bronchitis, asthma, emphysema; loss of recoil, loss of volume, increase in residual volume or decrease in airway radius
Restriction = fibrosis, obesity, pulmonary edema; prevent lungs from expanding or filling; loss of compliance
39
Q

DRG/VRG

A

Dorsal respiratory group - auto rhythm, primary respiratory center, innervates diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals
Ventral respiratory group - provides extra help for inspiration/expiration, innervates larynx and vocal cords

40
Q

How do obstructive problems look on Flow-volume and volume-time curves?

A 
Flow-volume =  bowl shaped
Volume-time = takes longer to reach plateau
41
Q

How do restrictive problems look on flow-volume and volume-time curves?

A 
Flow-volume = missile shaped
Volume-time = plateaus like normal but w/lower volume
42
Q

Pressures in respiratory system

A 
Pleura = -5
Alveoli = -1 to +1
43
Q

Bohr effect

A

As H+, temp, CO2 and 2,3-BPG increase hemoglobin oxygen affinity decreases (right-shift)

44
Q

Oxygen hemoglobin affinity curve

A 
Right-shift = decrease in affinity (acidic, hypercapnic, hyperthermic)
Left-shift = increase in affinity (alkalosis, hypocapnic, hypothermic)
45
Q

Hyaline membrane disease

A

aka infant resp. distress syndrome - premies don’t produce surfactant, alveoli collapse

46
Q

Right-to-left and left-to-right shunting

A

Right-to-left (septal defect) causes hypoxia; left-to-right (patent ductus arteriosus) doesn’t

47
Q

p50

A

Partial pressure of oxygen at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated
Increased p50 = right shift and decrease in affinity - requires higher PaO2 to become 50% saturated
Decreased p50 = left shift and increase in affinity - requires lower Pa02 to become 50% saturated

Fundamentals (14 decks)

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