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GI Flashcards

1
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

aka Auerbach plexus

Controls contractions and tonicity

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2
Q

Meissner’s Plexus

A

aka submucosal plexus

Controls local blood flow and wall unfolding

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3
Q

Cecum

A

Beginning of the large intestine

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4
Q

What is the path of food from the oropharynx to the anus?

A

Oropharynx –> esophagus (UES and LES) –> stomach (fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter) –> duodenum –> jejunum –> ileum –> cecum –> ascending colon –> transverse colon –> descending colon –> sigmoid colon –> rectum –> anal canal –> anus

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5
Q

What are the types of salivary glands and their secretions?

A

Sublingual - serous and mucus Submandibular - serous and mucus
Parotid - serous

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6
Q

Ptyalin

A

Main component of serous fluid

Digests starches

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7
Q

Salivary contents and salivary pH

A 
H20
Mucus
Bicarb
K+
Salivary amylase (carb digestion)
Linguil lipase (inactive until stomach)
pH = 6-7
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8
Q

Actions of swallowing

A

Tongue pushes bolus back
Soft palate rises to protect nasopharynx
Epiglottis drops back and down to protect airway
Esophagus opens wide

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9
Q

What stimulates salivation?

A 
Sour
Smooth
Sweet
Smell
Sight
Nausea
Insulin secretion 
Aggression
Mostly parasympathetic
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10
Q

Apthous ulcer

A

Break in mucosal layer, causes erosion of epithelial layer
Can occur anywhere in GI tract
Causes - friction, stress, problem w/ mucus secretion
Tx - artificial barrier, antisthetic rinse

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11
Q

Layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa (contains glands)
Submucosa (connective tissue)
Muscularis (longitudinal, circular and oblique)
Serosa (adventitia, continuous with mesentery)

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12
Q

What makes up the enteric nervous system?

A

Submucosal (Meissner) plexus - in submucosa, controls local blood flow
Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus - in muscularis, controls contractions and tonicity

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13
Q

What are primary and secondary peristalsis?

A

Primary is when you first swallow. If a bolus gets stuck in the esophagus, secondary peristalsis is triggered to try and move it the rest of the way.

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14
Q

Where are the swallowing center in the CNS?

A

Pons and medulla

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15
Q

What is splanchic flow?

A

Blood from GI tract runs through liver for processing and filtering.

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16
Q

Upper and lower esophageal sphincters

A

UES - prevents air going into stomach

LES - prevents stomach contents from backing up into esophagus

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17
Q

Esophageal stricture and rings

A

Stricture - scar tissue builds up and narrows esophagus
Rings - bands of muscle form in lower esophagus
Both associated with GERD

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18
Q

Achalasia

A

Failure of the LES to relax; food becomes stuck in esophagus.
Can lead to swelling, infection and ulcers

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19
Q

Primary functions of the oropharynx

A

Chewing
Mixing food and saliva
Begin carb and starch digestion
Move food into esophagus (swallow)

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20
Q

Primary functions of the esophagus

A

Transport food to the stomach

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21
Q

Primary function of the stomach

A

Store food
Secrete digestive juices and mix with food
Begin protein digestion
Move chyme into duodenum

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22
Q

Anatomical boundaries of the stomach

A

Cardia, fundus, greater curvature, pyloric sphincter, lesser curvature

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23
Q

Rugae

A

Folds in the stomach wall

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24
Q

Oxyntic glands

A

Found in the stomach

Contain parietal cells, chief cells, ECL cells, D cells, G cells and Mucous neck cells (Goblet cells)

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25
Pyloric glands
Found in stomach | Contain G cells, D cells and Mucous neck cells (Goblet cells)
26
Parietal cells
Secrete gastric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic factor
27
Intrinsic factor
Needed for vitamin B absorption | Produced by parietal cells
28
Chief cells
Produce pepsinogen
29
Pepsinogen
Converted to pepsin w/ HCl | Breaks down proteins
30
ECL cells
Secrete histamine that binds at H2 receptors and stimulates gastric acid secretion
31
D cells
Inhibits gastric acid production
32
G cells
Secrete gastrin to stimulate gastric acid secretion
33
Mucous neck/Goblet cells
Secrete protective mucus
34
Peritoneum
Serous membrane that covers abdominal organs
35
Esophageal spasms
Bolus overstretches esophagus and causes contractions and spasms
36
Mesentery
Part of the peritoneum that attaches organs to the posterior abdominal wall
37
What stimulates stomach secretions?
``` Aggression/hostility Cephalic phase stimulation Gastric secretions PNS More secretion in afternoon/evening than morning ```
38
What inhibits stomach secretions?
``` SNS Bad tastes Rage Fear Pain ```
39
What secretions digest what types of food?
Salivary amylase - carbohydrates Pepsin - proteins Lingual lipase - fats
40
Gastroileal reflex
When food hits the stomach, ileal motility increases to make room for more chyme
41
Gastroenteric/gastrocholic reflex
When the stomach stretches peristalsis is triggered (similar reflex found throughout GI tract)
42
Function of the small intestine
Absortion Propulsion Continued digestion
43
Brunner's gland
Found in duodenum | Secrete alkaline mucus for proection
44
Crypts of Leiberkuhn
Investigation in mucousal layer Secrete digestive juices Hold replacements for epithelial cells
45
I-cells
In duodenum and jejunum | Secrete cholecystokinin
46
Cholecystokinin
Secreted in small intestine when food enters Inhibits gastric emptying Stimulates pancreatic enzyme and bicarb secretion Stimulates gallbladder to release bile Inhibits chief and parietal cells and peristalsis
47
Peyer's patches
In ileum | Small lymph nodes
48
What stimulates small intestine activity?
Stretching, gastrin, CCK, insulin, motilin and serotonin trigger peristalsis Presence of acid, fat, protein byproducts, osomotic imbalance or irritation stimulate CCK and GIP
49
What inhibits small intestine activity?
Distention, irritation, acidity, CCK, GIP, secretin inhibit emptying
50
What is GIP?
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide Stimulates insulin release Inhibits chief and parietal cells and peristalsis
51
Pancreatic enzymes
Inactive - trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase Breakdown proteins into amino acids Trypsinogen is activated first, helps activate other enzymes Active - alpha amylase, pancreatic lipase
52
What helps with carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?
Sucrase, maltase, lactase (all from small intestine) and pancreatic amylase
53
What helps with fat digestion in the small intestine?
Liver bile salts and pacreatic lipase
54
Enterogastric reflex
Presence of lipids, proteins and change in pH in duodenum inhibit gastric secretion
55
Ileogastric reflex
Stretching of ileum inhibits gastric motility
56
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Released in duodeenum when fats and proteins are present Inhibits gastric secretions Stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme release Relaxes Sphincter of Oddi
57
Vitamin B12
Needs intrinsic factor from parietal cells to be absorbed. | Important for RBC maturation.
58
Iron
Found in heme from animal proteins and some fruits/veggies/grains Low Fe = faster absorption Needs Vit C for absorption
59
Intestinointestinal relfex
Over-distention of an intestinal segment inhibits intestinal motility
60
Peritonitis
Inflammation of peritoneum | Assumes yellowish color and can adhere bowel loops together, leading to colonic obstruction
61
Haustra
Pockets of large intestine | Formed by the circular and longitudinal (Taenia) coli
62
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Diverticulosis is minimal, non-problematic inflammation in colon caused by feces becoming trapper Diverticulitis is symptomatic and requires attention
63
Steps in defecation
Feces enter and stretch rectum Urge to defecate Voluntary contraction of external sphincter Retrograde movement of feces into sigmoidal colon
64
Falciform ligament
Divides liver into L and R lobes
65
Secretin
Released in duodenum w/ presence of acid Inhibits gastric secretions and motility Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile

Fundamentals (14 decks)

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