Cell Physiology

Question 1

Autoregulation

Answer 1

Myogenic - local baroreceptors react to vascular stretching/relaxing by constricting/dilating vessel
Metabolic - local chemoreceptors constrict/dilate in response to high metabolic waste/low O2

Question 2

Cellular components

Answer 2

Nucleus
Ribosome - translation
Golgi apparatus - modifies and packages proteins
Rough ER - makes proteins, attached to ribsome
Smooth ER - makes lipids
Mitochondira - ATP production
Lysosome - cell digestion
Cytoskeleton
Membrane

Question 3

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic

Answer 3

Pro - no nucleus, slime capsule, complex cell wall, no carbs/sterols in membrane, small ribosome
Euk - nucleus, complex glycocalyx, simple cell wall, carbs/sterols in membrane, large ribosome

Question 4

Cellular composition

Answer 4

H20 - 80%
Protein - 10-20%
Carbs - 1-5%

Question 5

ICF electrolyte levels
Na+
K+
Ca+2
Cl-
HCO3-
pH

Answer 5

Na+ - 14
K+ - 120
Ca2+ - 1*10-4
HCO3- - 10
pH - 7.1
Protein - 16

Question 6

Osmotic pressure

Answer 6

Pressure required to stop the flow of H20 across a membrane

Question 7

Oncotic pressure/colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 7

Osmotic pressure across a blood vessel

Question 8

Resting membrane potential

Answer 8

~-70mv

Question 9

Diffusion potential

Answer 9

Potential created when an ion crosses a membrane while diffusing down its concentration gradient

Question 10

Equilibrium potential

Answer 10

Charge at which an ion stops diffusing

Question 11

Threshold

Answer 11

~-60 mv

Question 12

Types of cell transport

Answer 12

Simple - diffusion across membrane
Facilitated (passive) - diffusion through channels
Primary active - pumped up gradient, ATP used at pump
Secondary active - pumped up gradient, ATP used elsewhere

Question 13

Cotransport/symport vs Countertransport/antiport

Answer 13

Sym - moving in same direction

Anti - moving in opposite directions

Question 14

Saturation kinetics

Answer 14

Can’t increase transport rate when all transporters are in use

Question 15

Partition coefficient

Answer 15

Oil vs H2O solubility - higher equals more lipid soluble

Question 16

What determines diffusion?

Answer 16

Concentration gradient
Surface area
Diffusion coefficient (solute shape/size)
Partition coefficient (lipid/H20 solubility)
Membrane thickness

Question 17

Hyperpolarization

Answer 17

K+ lowers membrane potential below resting potential (~-85) before K+ gates close

Question 18

Absolute refractory period

Answer 18

Na+ gates are open but inactivated, occurs during repolarization, no additional AP possible

Question 19

Atrophy

Answer 19

Loss of cell mass

Question 20

Hypertrophy

Answer 20

Increase in cell mass

Question 21

Hyperplasia

Answer 21

Increase in cell number

Question 22

Dysplasia

Answer 22

Abnormal change in size, shape or arrangement of cells; often associated w/ cancer

Question 23

Metaplasia

Answer 23

Replacement of one cell type by another

Question 24

Ways to influence synaptic transmission

Answer 24

Block neurotransmitter release
Block receptor
Prevent neurotransmitter production
Use up transmitter
Increase transmitter esterase
Bind and change transmitter
Prevent reuptake of transmitter

Question 25

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 25

GABA and Glycine

Question 26

Free radicals

Answer 26

Byproducts of metabolism that have an unpaired electron - can donate to and damage DNA Absorbed by antioxidants

Question 27

``` Ionic equilibrium potentials Na+ K+ Ca+2 Cl- ```

Answer 27

``` Na+ = +65 K+ = -85 Ca+2 = +120 Cl- = -90 ```