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Fundamentals > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism

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2
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Hyperthyroidism
Immune antibodies bind to and activate TSH receptors on the thyroid, stimulating increased TRH production, stimulating T3/T4 production

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3
Q

T3 and T4

A

Two forms of thyroid hormone - T3 is more active

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4
Q

Galactorrhea

A

Inappropriate lactation in men; may be caused by high levels of prolactin

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5
Q

Prolactin

A

Default is ‘on’, dopamine released from hypo. prevents production/release
Causes lactogenesis, inhibits ovulation, causes breast development

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6
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excessive growth hormone
S/S - large jaw, prominent forehead, large nose
Happens slowly b/w ages 20 and 50

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7
Q

Somatomedin

A

Insulin-like growth factor
Small proteins produced in the liver w/ growth hormone stimulation
Cause growth effects

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8
Q

Somatostatin

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor
Released by hypothalamus and GI tract when eating
Modulates glucose/glucagon response to eating

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9
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary hormone
Causes uterine contraction and milk ejection
Triggered by suckling; sight, sound and smell of infant; cervical dilation; and orgasm
Clinical use - labor induction, reducing pospartum bleeding, ?psych - increasing trust?

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10
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
S/S - low plasma osmolarity (too much H20)
Causes - lymph cell carcinoma

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11
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Central DI - pituitary not producing ADH

Nephrogenic - Loss of osmotic gradient in kidneys creates inability to concentrate filtrate

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12
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hormones

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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13
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) hormones

A 
Growth hormone (GHRH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TRH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (GnRH)
Luteinizing hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin (PIH/Dopamine - inhibits production)
ACTH (CRH)
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14
Q

Cretinism

A

Hypothyroid disease in childhood/infancy

S/S - floppy musculature, sleeping a lot, protruding tongue, mental retardation

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15
Q

Pathway from hypothalamus to thyroid

A

Hypo — (TRH) —> anterior pituitary — (TSH) —> thyroid — (T3/T3) —>

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16
Q

Gluconeogensis

A

Making glucose from fats and proteins

17
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epi, Norepi

18
Q

Actions of adrenal glucocorticoids

A 
Cortisol
Increase gluconeogenesis
Decrease insulin sensitivity
Anti-inflammatory
Suppresses immune system, esp. cytotoxic T
Increase GFR
Inhibits bone formation
Maintain vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
19
Q

Actions of adrenal mineralcorticoids

A

Aldosterone

Increase Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion, H+ secretion

20
Q

Actions of adrenal androgens

A

Males - small effect

Females - pubic and axillary hair

21
Q

Pathway from hypothalamus to adrenal gland

A

Hypo — (CRH) —> Anter. Pit. — (ACTH) —> Adrenal

22
Q

Empty sella syndrome

A

Pregnant women have overactive pituitary glands (high metabolic rate)
If they lose a lot of blood during birth, decreased blood flow can cause infarction in some or all of the pituitary

23
Q

Primary hormone problem

A

Sometime wrong with the gland that’s making the hormone

24
Q

Secondary hormone problem

A

Gland is okay but something is wrong with whatever stimulates it

25
Q

Involution

A

Shrinking of an organ due to old age or inactivity

26
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Insulin dependent

27
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Non-insulin dependent

Tx - weight loss, diet, metformin (increase insulin sensitivity), sulfonylureas (increase insulin production)

28
Q

Effects of insulin

A

Glucose transport into cell
K+ transport into cell (can use insulin to treat hyperkalemia)
Increase glycogen production in muscles and liver
Increase fat storage

29
Q

Hormones made in the pancreas

A

Insulin (beta cells)
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Somatostatin (delta)

30
Q

GIP/GLP-1

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide/Glucagon-like peptide
Some diabetes drugs prolong their presence
Oppose the actions of glucagon and stimulates insulin secretion

31
Q

Hypocalcemia S/S

A

Hyperreflexia
Muscle spasms
Twitching
Trosseau’s sign (carpo-pedal spasm w/ BP cuff inflation)
Chvostek’s sign (facial twitching when you tap on the facial nerve)

32
Q

Hypercalcemia S/S

A 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Hyporeflexia
Constipation
Lethargy
Coma
33
Q

Actions of vitamin D

A

Increase Ca+2 renal reabsorption, gut absorption and bone deposition

34
Q

Pathway for producing active form of vitamin D

A

UV light turns 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol in skin, livers turns it into 25-OH-cholecaciferol; kidney turns it into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (active) or 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (inactive)

Fundamentals (14 decks)

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