Immunology Flashcards
Cytokine
Hormones used for signalling w/in immune system
Affect local vasodilation, capillary permeability, prostaglandins
Types of lymphocytes
Helper T
Killer T
Regulator T
B
Types of myeloid cells
Monocyte/macrophage Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Mast cells Natural killers
Common cytokines
Interleukin
Interferon
Tissue necrosis factor
Granulocyte colony stimulation factor (GCSF)
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Monocyte
Innate system Phagocytize bacteria Become macrophages once they move from blood to tissue; more in places prone to invasion (lungs vs skin, etc.) Release lots of cytokines - alert system Antigen presenting cells Include microglia, Kupffer cells Release inflammation mediating cytokines
Neutrophil
aka polymorphonuclearcytes Innate system Phagocytes 70% of serum WBC Segmented are old, banded are new
Shift to the left
High number of banded vs segmented neutrophils (normal is 1-2%)
Indicates immune system is ramping up in response to something
Natural killer cells
Resemble both innate and adaptive
Bacteria, viruses
Make antibodies
Two key mechanism (don’t kill and kill signals)
Pattern-recognition receptors
Inherited receptors found in the innate immune system
Complement system
Innate system
Proteins that attach to invaders
Either destroy invader opsonizate it
Large complement clumps can cause things to precipitate out - can cause problems in glomerulus
Opsonization
“preparing to eat”
Process of marking a pathogen and preparing it for destruction by immune cells
Can involve binding antigens or complement proteins to pathogen
C3 and C5
Major complement proteins
Innate system
Deals w/ majority of invaders
Fast and non-specific
Adaptive system
Slow response to specific problems
CD4 cells
Helper T cells
CD8 cells
Killer T cells
T Lymphocytes
Helper (CD4) - Trigger killer T cells, tell B cells to make antibodies (have two key system)
Killer (CD8) -
Regulatory - poorly understood
B Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies
Humoral vs cellular components of immune system
Humoral = antibodies/antigens and complement Cellular = white blood cells
MHC
Major Histocompatability Complexes are markers on cells that help them identify themselves. Only found on nucleated cells.
MHC-I - found on all cells, show what’s happening inside cell; lack of MHC-I causes Complement reaction
MHC-II - only on antigen presenting cells; presented to Helper T’s that then activate Killer T’s; shows what’s happening outside cells
Plasma cells
Active B cells that are making antibodies
Memory cells
B cells left after an infection; capable of a faster response to later infection
Immunoglobin
An antibody
Constant region
Variable parts - variable part contains that antigen binding site
IgG
Most common antibody in serum.
Able to cross placenta
