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Fundamentals > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

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2
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell mass - cell number stays the same

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3
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal organization of cells; change in number, mass or location of cells; often related to cancer

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4
Q

G-protein messenger system

A

Second messenger system; allows for dramatic magnification of signal

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5
Q

Crenation

A

When cells lose water and become shriveled

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6
Q

Hemolysis

A

Death/destruction of RBCs

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7
Q

Oncotic/Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure across a semi-permeable membrane; capillary dynamics

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8
Q

Diffusion potential

A

Potential difference created by an ion crossing a membrane while moving down its concentration gradient

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9
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

Charge at which ions stop crossing a membrane

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10
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Equilibrium potential for a cell membrane; ~-70 mV

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11
Q

Diffusion coefficient

A

Part of what determines membrane solubility; based on solute’s shape and size

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12
Q

Flow

A

(pressure)/(resistance)

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13
Q

Resistance

A

(viscosity)(length)/(radius^4)

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14
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Pressure when heart is contracting

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15
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure when heart is at rest

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16
Q

Pulse pressure

A

(Systolic) - (Diastolic)

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17
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

Diastolic + 1/3(Pulse pressure)

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18
Q

Stroke volume

A

Blood ejected in one cardiac cycle

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19
Q

Cardiac output

A

(Stroke volume)(Heart rate)

Normal = 5 to 5.5 l/min

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20
Q

Anomsia

A

Inability to smell

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21
Q

Chorea

A

Jerky, arrhythmic movements

Sign of extrapyramidal pathology

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22
Q

Akinesia

A

Inability to easily perform voluntary movements; hesitation and jerkiness
Sign of extrapyramidal pathology

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23
Q

Athetosis

A

Slow, continuous, writhing movements of lips, tongue and extremities
Sign of extrapyramidal pathology

24
Q

Ptosis

A

Droppy eye

25
Q

Miosis

A

Constricted pupils

26
Q

Mydrosis

A

Dilated pupils

27
Q

Anhydrosis

A

Absence of or decreased perspiration

28
Q

Compliance

A

Volume/pressure - venous compliance is higher than arterial

29
Q

Laminar flow

A

Flow through a circular vessel is faster and smoother; non-laminar flow in blocked arteries is more turbulent and can be auscultated as bruits

30
Q

Dichrotic notch

A

Upward tick in aortic pressure after ventricular ejection is complete; caused by rebound of elastic arterial walls

31
Q

Aortic mean pressure

A

100 mmHg

32
Q

Large artery mean pressure

A

100 mmHg

33
Q

Arteriole mean pressure

A

50 mmHg

34
Q

Capillary mean pressure

A

20 mmHg

35
Q

Vena cava mean pressure

A

4 mmHg

36
Q

Right atrium mean pressure

A

0-2 mmHg

37
Q

Pulmonary artery mean pressure

A

15 mmHg

38
Q

Pulmonary capillary mean pressure

A

10 mmHg

39
Q

Pulmonary vein mean pressure

A

8 mmHg

40
Q

Left atrium mean pressure

A

2-5 mmHg

41
Q

Preload

A

Ventricular volume just before systole (end diastolic volume) - maximum volume
Affected primarily by venous side

42
Q

Phases of cardiac action potential

A

Phase 0 - upstroke
Phase 1 - repolarization
Phase 2 - plateau
Phase 3 - repolarization (contains supranormal period)
Phase 4 - decaying membrane potential (determines heart rate)

SA node doesn’t have a plateau (Phase 1 and 2)

43
Q

Intrinsic firing rates of the heart

A

AV - 70-80 bpm
SA - 40-60 bpm
Bundle of His - 40 bpm
Purkinje fibers - 15-20 bpm

44
Q

Atrial kick

A

Atrium contracts - provides 15-20% of heart volume and increases contractility by stretching heart

45
Q

SA node arrest (ECG rhythm)

A

Missed beat - no P, QRS or T
SA node never fired
May be caused by burst of parasym.

46
Q

Junctional beat

A

Extra beat w/out a P wave

Someplace below SA node depolarizes

47
Q

Juncitonal rhythm

A

No P wave before QRS complex

HR is set at AV or Bundle

48
Q

Ryanodine

A

Most common receptor in calcium-induced calcium release mechanisms

49
Q

Funny channels

A

Slow Na+ leak channels that create an unstable membrane potential

50
Q

Sym and Parasym innervation of heart

A

Sym - atria and heart

Parasym - atria only

51
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

As EDV increases, contractility increases (to a point)

52
Q

Ventricular Hypertrophy

A

Increased size of heart cells

53
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure that the heart works against to pump blood - pressure in the aorta
Affected more by arterial side

54
Q

Atropine

A

Anti-cholinerginic/parasympathetolytic

55
Q

Starling forces

A

Capillary dynamics - how the combination of intravenous and extracellular oncotic and hydrostatic forces move water back and forth across capillary beds

56
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

EDV or pressure/CO or force

More in, more out (until you move past the apex)

57
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Percentage of blood ejected w/ each heart beat

Normal = 55% = 70 mL

Fundamentals (14 decks)

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