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Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

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2
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell mass - cell number stays the same

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3
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal organization of cells; change in number, mass or location of cells; often related to cancer

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4
Q

G-protein messenger system

A

Second messenger system; allows for dramatic magnification of signal

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5
Q

Crenation

A

When cells lose water and become shriveled

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6
Q

Hemolysis

A

Death/destruction of RBCs

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7
Q

Oncotic/Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure across a semi-permeable membrane; capillary dynamics

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8
Q

Diffusion potential

A

Potential difference created by an ion crossing a membrane while moving down its concentration gradient

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9
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

Charge at which ions stop crossing a membrane

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10
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Equilibrium potential for a cell membrane; ~-70 mV

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11
Q

Diffusion coefficient

A

Part of what determines membrane solubility; based on solute’s shape and size

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12
Q

Flow

A

(pressure)/(resistance)

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13
Q

Resistance

A

(viscosity)(length)/(radius^4)

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14
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Pressure when heart is contracting

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15
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure when heart is at rest

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16
Q

Pulse pressure

A

(Systolic) - (Diastolic)

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17
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

Diastolic + 1/3(Pulse pressure)

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18
Q

Stroke volume

A

Blood ejected in one cardiac cycle

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19
Q

Cardiac output

A

(Stroke volume)(Heart rate)

Normal = 5 to 5.5 l/min

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20
Q

Anomsia

A

Inability to smell

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21
Q

Chorea

A

Jerky, arrhythmic movements

Sign of extrapyramidal pathology

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22
Q

Akinesia

A

Inability to easily perform voluntary movements; hesitation and jerkiness
Sign of extrapyramidal pathology

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23
Q

Athetosis

A

Slow, continuous, writhing movements of lips, tongue and extremities
Sign of extrapyramidal pathology

24
Q

Ptosis

A

Droppy eye

25
Miosis
Constricted pupils
26
Mydrosis
Dilated pupils
27
Anhydrosis
Absence of or decreased perspiration
28
Compliance
Volume/pressure - venous compliance is higher than arterial
29
Laminar flow
Flow through a circular vessel is faster and smoother; non-laminar flow in blocked arteries is more turbulent and can be auscultated as bruits
30
Dichrotic notch
Upward tick in aortic pressure after ventricular ejection is complete; caused by rebound of elastic arterial walls
31
Aortic mean pressure
100 mmHg
32
Large artery mean pressure
100 mmHg
33
Arteriole mean pressure
50 mmHg
34
Capillary mean pressure
20 mmHg
35
Vena cava mean pressure
4 mmHg
36
Right atrium mean pressure
0-2 mmHg
37
Pulmonary artery mean pressure
15 mmHg
38
Pulmonary capillary mean pressure
10 mmHg
39
Pulmonary vein mean pressure
8 mmHg
40
Left atrium mean pressure
2-5 mmHg
41
Preload
Ventricular volume just before systole (end diastolic volume) - maximum volume Affected primarily by venous side
42
Phases of cardiac action potential
Phase 0 - upstroke Phase 1 - repolarization Phase 2 - plateau Phase 3 - repolarization (contains supranormal period) Phase 4 - decaying membrane potential (determines heart rate) SA node doesn't have a plateau (Phase 1 and 2)
43
Intrinsic firing rates of the heart
AV - 70-80 bpm SA - 40-60 bpm Bundle of His - 40 bpm Purkinje fibers - 15-20 bpm
44
Atrial kick
Atrium contracts - provides 15-20% of heart volume and increases contractility by stretching heart
45
SA node arrest (ECG rhythm)
Missed beat - no P, QRS or T SA node never fired May be caused by burst of parasym.
46
Junctional beat
Extra beat w/out a P wave | Someplace below SA node depolarizes
47
Juncitonal rhythm
No P wave before QRS complex | HR is set at AV or Bundle
48
Ryanodine
Most common receptor in calcium-induced calcium release mechanisms
49
Funny channels
Slow Na+ leak channels that create an unstable membrane potential
50
Sym and Parasym innervation of heart
Sym - atria and heart | Parasym - atria only
51
Frank-Starling Law
As EDV increases, contractility increases (to a point)
52
Ventricular Hypertrophy
Increased size of heart cells
53
Afterload
Pressure that the heart works against to pump blood - pressure in the aorta Affected more by arterial side
54
Atropine
Anti-cholinerginic/parasympathetolytic
55
Starling forces
Capillary dynamics - how the combination of intravenous and extracellular oncotic and hydrostatic forces move water back and forth across capillary beds
56
Frank-Starling Law
EDV or pressure/CO or force | More in, more out (until you move past the apex)
57
Ejection fraction
Percentage of blood ejected w/ each heart beat | Normal = 55% = 70 mL

Fundamentals (14 decks)

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