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Respiratory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the nervous system do bronchodilators target?

A

Sympathetic nervous system.

Have the same effects as adrenaline and noradrenaline which relax the smooth muscle in the respiratory tract.

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2
Q

Which part of the nervous system do anticholinergics target?

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system. Have opposing effects of acetylcholine. Results in bronchodilation
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3
Q

List 1 bronchodilator which targets the parasympathetic nervous system.

A
  • Ipratropium
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4
Q

What do Xanthines do?

A
  • Relieve and prevent bronchospasm. (Theophylline)
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5
Q

What do corticosteroids do to the respiratory system?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory effects

- Reduce swelling and bronchospasm, prevents bronchospasm. ( Fluticasone)

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6
Q

What are the 3 main diseases that cause obstruction to airflow mainly during expiration?

A
  • Asthma
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
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7
Q

Which diseases are associated with COPD.

A
  • Chronic bronchitis

- Emphysema

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8
Q

Asthma affects ……
A) 15% of Australians and 35% of indigenous Australians
B) 20% of Australians and 20% of indigenous Australians
C) 10% of Australian and 25% of indigenous Australians
D) 15% of Australians and 15 % of beige nous Australians

A

C) 10% of Australian and 25% of indigenous Australians

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9
Q

Does asthma have a high or low mortality rate?

A
  • Low
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10
Q

Asthma causes episodes of,

A
  • Wheezing
  • Breathlessness
  • Coughing
  • Chest tightness
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11
Q

What white blood cells are mainly associated with asthma,

A
  • Mast cells
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12
Q 
Allergen asthma leads to production of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that coats mast cells.
A) IgB
B) IgE
C) IgA
D) IgC
A

B) IgE

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13
Q 
Allergic asthma cause mast cells to release inflammatory mediators such as histamine, this results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) bronchiole dilation
B) decreased surfactant 
C) bronchospasm and constriction
D) bradypnoea
A

C) bronchospasm and constriction

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14
Q

Cause of asthma include,

A
  • Recurrent respiratory infections
  • Environmental irritants
  • Exercise
  • Cold
  • Stress
  • Drugs
    Genetic susceptibility
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15
Q

Asthma causes an increase in mucus secretion, this thickening of the mucus will affect the __________ ___________.

A
  • Mucociliary escalator
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16
Q 
Inflammation of the bronchial walls cause,
A) pulmonary embolism
B) pulmonary oedema
C) bronchodilation 
D) increase in surfactant
A

B) pulmonary oedema

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17
Q

Clinical features of asthma include,

A
  • Narrowing of airways

- Air trapped in lungs

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18
Q

Air trapped in lungs will cause an increase in __________ volume.

A
  • Residual
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19
Q

Persistent asthma will cause airways to remodel. What happens to the bronchial walls?

A
  • Excess smooth muscle growth
  • Epithelial injury (loss of bronchial lining)
  • Mucus gland hypertrophy
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20
Q

Asthma management includes,

A
  • Symptom relievers
    - short acting bronchodilator
    - anticholinergics
    - Xanthines
  • Symptom controllers
    - long acting bronchodilators
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21
Q

Severe attack of asthma that is not responsive to treatment is known as status ___________.

A
  • Asthmaticus which is a medical emergency which may require adrenaline.
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22
Q

What flow meter is useful for monitoring asthma?

A
  • Peak flow meter which measures expiration flow rate
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23
Q

List 2 B2 adrenergic agonists.

A
  • Salbutamol (ventolin)

- Salmeterol (serevent)

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24
Q

COPD stands for?

A
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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25
What is the major cause of COPD?
- Smoking - Current or previous - Active or passive
26
What are the two major diseases associated with COPD?
- Emphysema | - Chronic bronchitis
27
Define cor pulmonale?
- Right side heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension.
28
Emphysema is characterised by?
- Damaged alveolar walls - Break down of elastic fibres (elastin) - Enlarged air sacs
29
Can COPD be reversed?
- No COPD is irreversible with progressive damage.
30
What are the consequences of damaged to elastin fibres in the lungs?
- Loss of elastic tension and recoil, causing permanent enlargement of the airspaces. - Airways collapse during expiration - lung hyperinflation and increased residual volume.
31
Dyspnoea, barrel chest, fatigue, pink puffers, use of accessory muscles to breathe are all clinical symptoms of ________.
- Emphysema
32
Chronic inflammation of the bronchi with a productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for 2 consecutive years is _________.
- Chronic bronchitis
33
Hypertrophy of mucus glands in larger airways, increased number of goblet cells in smaller airways and the impairment of ciliary function. These are the Pathophysiology for __________.
- Chronic bronchitis
34
Chronic cough, blue bloaters are clinical features of __________.
- Chronic bronchitis
35
Blue bloaters is?
- Cyanosis and fluid retention
36
Excess body fluids, chronic cough, shortness of breathe, increased sputum and cyanosis are clinical manifestations of?
- Chronic bronchitis
37
Treatment for COPD includes _________.
- Stop smoking (most effective can delay progression) - Avoid respiratory infections - Manage malnutrition - Regular physical activity
38
Is prolonged expiration beneficial for treatment of COPD?
- Yes, prolonged expiration relieves dyspnoea and decreases work of breathing, reducing fatigue.
39
Drug treatments for COPD, include ________.
- bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids.
40
Why do you need to be careful when administering 02 therapy to COPD patients?
- Can cause ischaemia reperfusion.
41
If P02 is increased over 60mmHg which reduces the stimulus for breathing. What affect will this have on C02?
- C02 retention due to hypoventilation causing respiratory acidosis.
42
``` Lung cancer mortality rates are __________ for males and ________ for females A) increasing, increasing B) increasing, decreasing C) decreasing, increasing D) decreasing, decreasing ```
C) decreasing, increasing
43
``` _____ of lung cancer cases are due to smoking. A) 50% B) 60% C) 80% D) 90% ```
D) 90%
44
Lung cancer arises in the ________.
- Bronchi
45
What are the two main types of lung cancer?
- Non-small cell lung cancer (most common) | - Small cell lung cancer
46
Malignant cancer of epithelial tissue?
- Carcinoma
47
Malignant cancer of glandular epithelial?
- Adenocarcinoma
48
Lung cancer that grows rapidly but undergoes late metastasis?
- Non small cell squamous cell carcinoma
49
Lung cancer typically in peripheral location which undergoes early metastasis?
- Non-small cell Adenocarcinoma
50
Lung cancer largely undifferentiated undergoing widespread metastasis?
- Non-small cell large cell carcinoma
51
What is the most aggressive form of lung cancer?
- Small cell carcinoma
52
Small cell carcinoma lung cancer starts centrally or peripherally?
- Centrally
53
``` Small cell lung cancer can result in ________ hormone production. A) atopic B) ectopic C) intopic D) all of the above ```
B) ectopic
54
Lung cancer is commonly associated with loss of which tumour suppressor gene?
- p53 - 50-60% of non-small cell cancers - 90% of small cell cancers
55
Cough, haemoptysis, sputum production, dyspnoea, chest and shoulder pain, pleural effusion, air way obstruction, chest infections, hoarse voice, finger clubbing are all clinical manifestation of ______________.
- Lung cancer
56
Complications of lung cancer include the obstruction of the __________ vena cava.
- Superior
57
Brain metastasis of lung cancer can manifest as
- Headaches, confusion, personality alterations, nausea
58
Common sites of lung cancer metastasis are,
- Brain - Bone - Liver
59
Detection of lung cancers include,
- X-Ray - Sputum cytology - Biopsy via Bronchoscopy - Blood test - PET scans
60
How do you stage lung cancer?
- TNM system
61
Treatment for lung cancers include,
- Surgery - Chemotherapy - Radiotherapy
62
What is Mesothelioma?
- cancer of the pleura
63
What is Mesothelioma almost always linked to?
- Asbestos exposure
64
Chest pain, dyspnoea, cough, weight loss, recurrent pleura effusions, pulmonary asbestosis, metastasis to lung tissue are clinical features of what?
- Mesothelioma

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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