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Bioscience 2 > Respiratory 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the nervous system do bronchodilators target?

A

Sympathetic nervous system.

Have the same effects as adrenaline and noradrenaline which relax the smooth muscle in the respiratory tract.

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2
Q

Which part of the nervous system do anticholinergics target?

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system. Have opposing effects of acetylcholine. Results in bronchodilation
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3
Q

List 1 bronchodilator which targets the parasympathetic nervous system.

A
  • Ipratropium
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4
Q

What do Xanthines do?

A
  • Relieve and prevent bronchospasm. (Theophylline)
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5
Q

What do corticosteroids do to the respiratory system?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory effects

- Reduce swelling and bronchospasm, prevents bronchospasm. ( Fluticasone)

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6
Q

What are the 3 main diseases that cause obstruction to airflow mainly during expiration?

A
  • Asthma
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
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7
Q

Which diseases are associated with COPD.

A
  • Chronic bronchitis

- Emphysema

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8
Q

Asthma affects ……
A) 15% of Australians and 35% of indigenous Australians
B) 20% of Australians and 20% of indigenous Australians
C) 10% of Australian and 25% of indigenous Australians
D) 15% of Australians and 15 % of beige nous Australians

A

C) 10% of Australian and 25% of indigenous Australians

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9
Q

Does asthma have a high or low mortality rate?

A
  • Low
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10
Q

Asthma causes episodes of,

A
  • Wheezing
  • Breathlessness
  • Coughing
  • Chest tightness
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11
Q

What white blood cells are mainly associated with asthma,

A
  • Mast cells
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12
Q 
Allergen asthma leads to production of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that coats mast cells.
A) IgB
B) IgE
C) IgA
D) IgC
A

B) IgE

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13
Q 
Allergic asthma cause mast cells to release inflammatory mediators such as histamine, this results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) bronchiole dilation
B) decreased surfactant 
C) bronchospasm and constriction
D) bradypnoea
A

C) bronchospasm and constriction

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14
Q

Cause of asthma include,

A
  • Recurrent respiratory infections
  • Environmental irritants
  • Exercise
  • Cold
  • Stress
  • Drugs
    Genetic susceptibility
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15
Q

Asthma causes an increase in mucus secretion, this thickening of the mucus will affect the __________ ___________.

A
  • Mucociliary escalator
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16
Q 
Inflammation of the bronchial walls cause,
A) pulmonary embolism
B) pulmonary oedema
C) bronchodilation 
D) increase in surfactant
A

B) pulmonary oedema

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17
Q

Clinical features of asthma include,

A
  • Narrowing of airways

- Air trapped in lungs

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18
Q

Air trapped in lungs will cause an increase in __________ volume.

A
  • Residual
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19
Q

Persistent asthma will cause airways to remodel. What happens to the bronchial walls?

A
  • Excess smooth muscle growth
  • Epithelial injury (loss of bronchial lining)
  • Mucus gland hypertrophy
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20
Q

Asthma management includes,

A
  • Symptom relievers
    - short acting bronchodilator
    - anticholinergics
    - Xanthines
  • Symptom controllers
    - long acting bronchodilators
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21
Q

Severe attack of asthma that is not responsive to treatment is known as status ___________.

A
  • Asthmaticus which is a medical emergency which may require adrenaline.
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22
Q

What flow meter is useful for monitoring asthma?

A
  • Peak flow meter which measures expiration flow rate
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23
Q

List 2 B2 adrenergic agonists.

A
  • Salbutamol (ventolin)

- Salmeterol (serevent)

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24
Q

COPD stands for?

A
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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25
Q

What is the major cause of COPD?

A
  • Smoking
    - Current or previous
    - Active or passive
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26
Q

What are the two major diseases associated with COPD?

A
  • Emphysema

- Chronic bronchitis

27
Q

Define cor pulmonale?

A
  • Right side heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension.
28
Q

Emphysema is characterised by?

A
  • Damaged alveolar walls
  • Break down of elastic fibres (elastin)
  • Enlarged air sacs
29
Q

Can COPD be reversed?

A
  • No COPD is irreversible with progressive damage.
30
Q

What are the consequences of damaged to elastin fibres in the lungs?

A
  • Loss of elastic tension and recoil, causing permanent enlargement of the airspaces.
  • Airways collapse during expiration
  • lung hyperinflation and increased residual volume.
31
Q

Dyspnoea, barrel chest, fatigue, pink puffers, use of accessory muscles to breathe are all clinical symptoms of ________.

A
  • Emphysema
32
Q

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi with a productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for 2 consecutive years is _________.

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
33
Q

Hypertrophy of mucus glands in larger airways, increased number of goblet cells in smaller airways and the impairment of ciliary function. These are the Pathophysiology for __________.

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
34
Q

Chronic cough, blue bloaters are clinical features of __________.

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
35
Q

Blue bloaters is?

A
  • Cyanosis and fluid retention
36
Q

Excess body fluids, chronic cough, shortness of breathe, increased sputum and cyanosis are clinical manifestations of?

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
37
Q

Treatment for COPD includes _________.

A
  • Stop smoking (most effective can delay progression)
  • Avoid respiratory infections
  • Manage malnutrition
  • Regular physical activity
38
Q

Is prolonged expiration beneficial for treatment of COPD?

A
  • Yes, prolonged expiration relieves dyspnoea and decreases work of breathing, reducing fatigue.
39
Q

Drug treatments for COPD, include ________.

A
  • bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids.
40
Q

Why do you need to be careful when administering 02 therapy to COPD patients?

A
  • Can cause ischaemia reperfusion.
41
Q

If P02 is increased over 60mmHg which reduces the stimulus for breathing. What affect will this have on C02?

A
  • C02 retention due to hypoventilation causing respiratory acidosis.
42
Q 
Lung cancer mortality rates are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for males and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for females 
A) increasing, increasing
B) increasing, decreasing
C) decreasing, increasing
D) decreasing, decreasing
A

C) decreasing, increasing

43
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ of lung cancer cases are due to smoking.
A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 90%
A

D) 90%

44
Q

Lung cancer arises in the ________.

A
  • Bronchi
45
Q

What are the two main types of lung cancer?

A
  • Non-small cell lung cancer (most common)

- Small cell lung cancer

46
Q

Malignant cancer of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Carcinoma
47
Q

Malignant cancer of glandular epithelial?

A
  • Adenocarcinoma
48
Q

Lung cancer that grows rapidly but undergoes late metastasis?

A
  • Non small cell squamous cell carcinoma
49
Q

Lung cancer typically in peripheral location which undergoes early metastasis?

A
  • Non-small cell Adenocarcinoma
50
Q

Lung cancer largely undifferentiated undergoing widespread metastasis?

A
  • Non-small cell large cell carcinoma
51
Q

What is the most aggressive form of lung cancer?

A
  • Small cell carcinoma
52
Q

Small cell carcinoma lung cancer starts centrally or peripherally?

A
  • Centrally
53
Q 
Small cell lung cancer can result in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hormone production.
A) atopic
B) ectopic
C) intopic
D) all of the above
A

B) ectopic

54
Q

Lung cancer is commonly associated with loss of which tumour suppressor gene?

A
  • p53
    • 50-60% of non-small cell cancers
    • 90% of small cell cancers
55
Q

Cough, haemoptysis, sputum production, dyspnoea, chest and shoulder pain, pleural effusion, air way obstruction, chest infections, hoarse voice, finger clubbing are all clinical manifestation of ______________.

A
  • Lung cancer
56
Q

Complications of lung cancer include the obstruction of the __________ vena cava.

A
  • Superior
57
Q

Brain metastasis of lung cancer can manifest as

A
  • Headaches, confusion, personality alterations, nausea
58
Q

Common sites of lung cancer metastasis are,

A
  • Brain
  • Bone
  • Liver
59
Q

Detection of lung cancers include,

A
  • X-Ray
  • Sputum cytology
  • Biopsy via Bronchoscopy
  • Blood test
  • PET scans
60
Q

How do you stage lung cancer?

A
  • TNM system
61
Q

Treatment for lung cancers include,

A
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
62
Q

What is Mesothelioma?

A
  • cancer of the pleura
63
Q

What is Mesothelioma almost always linked to?

A
  • Asbestos exposure
64
Q

Chest pain, dyspnoea, cough, weight loss, recurrent pleura effusions, pulmonary asbestosis, metastasis to lung tissue are clinical features of what?

A
  • Mesothelioma

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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