Obesity and Diabetes Flashcards
Neurons require a constant source of…………from the blood
Glucose
What does insulin do?
Lowers blood glucose level
Where is glucose absorbed in the body?
Small intestine and then into the capillaries
What is the insulin regulated glucose transporter found primarily in adipose tissues and striated muscle?
GLUT4
Glucose enters the liver and muscle via what?
GLUT4
Which cells don’t require insulin?
Neurons and red blood cells.
Insulin is secreted by beta cells from where?
The pancreas.
Insulin secretion is stimulated by what?
Hyperglycaemia and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Glucose is stored as glycogen in which part of the body?
Liver and Skeletal muscle.
Storage of fatty acids is found?
In the liver.
Storage of triglycerides is found?
In adipose tissue.
Storage of amino acids is found?
In muscle.
What is stored with glycogen?
Water.
Breaking down glycogen in the liver produces what?
Glucose.
What is hyperglycaemia?
An excess of glucose in the blood stream associated with diabetes mellitus.
What is polyphagia?
Depleted cell stores of carbohydrates proteins and fats.
Dehydration due to increased urine output is called?
Polydipsia.
Increased diluted urine output is called?
Polyuria.
What is Glycosuria?
Glucose in the urine.
An indication of diabetes mellitus would show your fasting plasma glucose level as what?
> 7mmol/L
Diabetes usually diagnosed in childhood is which type?
Type 1.
Who is more susceptible to type 2 diabetes?
Adults +35 years usually resulting from poor lifestyle choices.
What causes hyperinsulinaemia?
Insulin resistance - a condition in which your body is resistant to the effects of insulin.
What are some risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
- overweight and obesity
- pre-diabetes
- poor diet
- physical in activity
- metabolic syndrome
- smoking
- genetic susceptibility
What are some clinical features of type 2 diabetes?
- fatigue
- visual changes
- recurring infections
- prolonged wound healing
- thrush
- paraesthesias - burning prickling itching or tingling of skin
During pregnancy gestationally diabetes can occur how does this affect the fetus?
The baby will be large for its age.
What is diabetic ketoacidosis?
When the body cannot use sugar as a fuel source because there is not enough insulin. Fat is used for fuel instead. When fat breaks down waste products called ketones build up in the body.
What is hypoglycaemia?
Low blood glucose levels
Causes of hypoglycaemia.
- insufficient food
- drinking alcohol
- unplanned physical activity
What levels indicate hyperglycaemia?
> 11mmol/L
Clinical features of hypoglycaemia are
- weak, shaking
- Hunger
- lightheaded, dizziness
- lack of concentration
- tachycardia
- pallor
- diaphoresis
- irritable, anxious
- seizures, coma, death
Clinical features of hyperglycaemia?
- drowsy, lethargic
- blurred vision
- nausea and vomiting
- Glycosuria and polyuria
- dehydration
- fruity breath odour - in Ketoacidosis
- rapid deep breathing - in ketoacidosis
- abdominal pain - in ketoacidosis
- seizures, coma, death
Treatment for mild to moderate hypoglycaemia is?
Intake of carbohydrates
• quickly absorbed (jellybeans, honey, sweet drink)
• slowly absorbed (bread, dried fruit)
Treatment for hyperglycaemia?
- medical emergency
- insulin replacement
- fluid replacement
- electrolyte replacement
Chronic complications from hyperglycaemia are?
- athero sclerosis
- nervous system alterations
- Visual damage
- kidney damage
- infection
- foot ulcers and diabetic foot
Which diabetes can hyperglycaemia cause long-term complications in?
All types of diabetes.
What are some clinical features of Paraesthesias (Sensory peripheral nerve damage)?
- decreased sensation
- numbness and tingling in the hands and feet
- contributes to falls foot ulcers and amputations
Is diabetes a common cause of kidney failure?
Yes
How can foot ulcers lead to amputation?
- > insufficient blood supply
- > ulcers
- > gangrene, necrosis
- > amputation
What is the figure representing the relative ability of a carbohydrate food to increase the level of glucose in the blood?
Glycaemic index (GI)
A high spike in blood glucose level followed by hunger is a result of what?
Hi GI.
Excessive adipose tissue results in what?
Becoming a “ FAT FUCK”
What does BMI stand for?
Body mass index
What is a healthy BMI range?
18–25
The BMI classification of obesity is what?
Above 30
What is an average adults daily calorie intake?
1500 to 2000
What is the role of leptin?
Promotes satiety, and suppresses appetite
Where is leptin produced?
Adipose cells.
Which structures/substance inhibits food intake?
Stretch receptors (stomach) • gastro intestinal hormones • ghrelin (In stomach)
In the last 10 years the rate of obesity has increased by how much? A 42% B 55% C 50% D 48%
50%
What are some modifiable risk factors in regards to obesity?
- stress
- hormonal alterations
- emotional eating
- lack of sleep
- smoking
- nutrient deficient diet
- sedentary lifestyle
What are the differences between Central and peripheral obesity?
•Apple vs pair shaped.
• abdominal fat around visceral organs VS subcutaneous fat around the hips and buttocks
• adipocyte hypertrophy vs adipocyte
hyperplasia
• higher risk of obesity related complications VS lower risks
What are some hormonal abnormalities with excess abdominal fat?
- insulin resistance, increased insulin secretion
- decreased progesterone level in women
- Decreased testosterone level in men
- increased cortisol production
For men they are at greater risk of health problems with a waist circumference greater then?
94 CM
Women are at a greater risk of health problems with a waste circumference greater then?
80 CM
Cardiovascular diseases resulting from obesity include?
Hypertension Stroke Hyperlipidaemia Atherosclerosis Coronary artery disease
Insulin resistant diseases resulting from obesity include?
Type two diabetes mellitus
Pre-diabetes
Cancers resulting from obesity include?
Endometrial Ovarian Breast Prostate Colo rectal Pancreatic Hepatic Renal
Digestive System diseases resulting from obesity include?
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Gallstones
Other Health consequences resulting from obesity include?
Obstructive sleep apnoea Asthma Polycystic ovarian syndrome Infertility Osteo arthritis Depression Back pain
The average mortality rate for Australians with obesity is? A 54 years B 62 years C 65 years D 69 years
62 years
Psychological problems occurring from obesity include?
Social buyers, prejudiced and discrimination
Body shape dissatisfaction
Eating disorders, weight cycling and mood swings
Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of?
Diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Prevention and management strategies of obesity include?
Life style Medications Diet Exercise Surgery
National heart foundation guidelines suggest we decrease the Intake of saurated fats and increase intake from which fats?
Polyunsaturated
One of the hazards of fad diets are?
Rebound weight gain
For a healthy lifestyle how much physical activity is recommended per day?
Minimum of 30 minutes per day
What is Xenical?
A lipid absorption blocking drug
What is duromine?
Appetite suppressant
What are some side-effects of duromine?
Hypertension Tachycardia Constipation Dry mouth Headache Insomnia
What are some risk factors of laxatives?
Electrolyte disturbance and intestinal damage
What do diuretics do?
Decrease body fluids
Thyroxine increases what?
Metabolic rate
What are the three different types of weight loss surgery?
Gastric banding
Gastric bypass
Gastric sleeve
What are two Weightloss surgery side-effects?
Malabsorption deficiencies
And dumping syndrome
What is dumping syndrome?
Stomach contents empty to rapidly into the small intestine
