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Bioscience 2 > Obesity and Diabetes > Flashcards

Obesity and Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons require a constant source of…………from the blood

A

Glucose

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2
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Lowers blood glucose level

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3
Q

Where is glucose absorbed in the body?

A

Small intestine and then into the capillaries

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4
Q

What is the insulin regulated glucose transporter found primarily in adipose tissues and striated muscle?

A

GLUT4

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5
Q

Glucose enters the liver and muscle via what?

A

GLUT4

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6
Q

Which cells don’t require insulin?

A

Neurons and red blood cells.

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7
Q

Insulin is secreted by beta cells from where?

A

The pancreas.

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8
Q

Insulin secretion is stimulated by what?

A

Hyperglycaemia and the parasympathetic nervous system.

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9
Q

Glucose is stored as glycogen in which part of the body?

A

Liver and Skeletal muscle.

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10
Q

Storage of fatty acids is found?

A

In the liver.

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11
Q

Storage of triglycerides is found?

A

In adipose tissue.

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12
Q

Storage of amino acids is found?

A

In muscle.

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13
Q

What is stored with glycogen?

A

Water.

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14
Q

Breaking down glycogen in the liver produces what?

A

Glucose.

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15
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

An excess of glucose in the blood stream associated with diabetes mellitus.

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16
Q

What is polyphagia?

A

Depleted cell stores of carbohydrates proteins and fats.

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17
Q

Dehydration due to increased urine output is called?

A

Polydipsia.

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18
Q

Increased diluted urine output is called?

A

Polyuria.

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19
Q

What is Glycosuria?

A

Glucose in the urine.

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20
Q

An indication of diabetes mellitus would show your fasting plasma glucose level as what?

A

> 7mmol/L

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21
Q

Diabetes usually diagnosed in childhood is which type?

A

Type 1.

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22
Q

Who is more susceptible to type 2 diabetes?

A

Adults +35 years usually resulting from poor lifestyle choices.

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23
Q

What causes hyperinsulinaemia?

A

Insulin resistance - a condition in which your body is resistant to the effects of insulin.

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24
Q

What are some risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

A
  • overweight and obesity
  • pre-diabetes
  • poor diet
  • physical in activity
  • metabolic syndrome
  • smoking
  • genetic susceptibility
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25
Q

What are some clinical features of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • fatigue
  • visual changes
  • recurring infections
  • prolonged wound healing
  • thrush
  • paraesthesias - burning prickling itching or tingling of skin
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26
Q

During pregnancy gestationally diabetes can occur how does this affect the fetus?

A

The baby will be large for its age.

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27
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

When the body cannot use sugar as a fuel source because there is not enough insulin. Fat is used for fuel instead. When fat breaks down waste products called ketones build up in the body.

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28
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

Low blood glucose levels

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28
Q

Causes of hypoglycaemia.

A
  • insufficient food
  • drinking alcohol
  • unplanned physical activity
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29
Q

What levels indicate hyperglycaemia?

A

> 11mmol/L

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30
Q

Clinical features of hypoglycaemia are

A
  • weak, shaking
  • Hunger
  • lightheaded, dizziness
  • lack of concentration
  • tachycardia
  • pallor
  • diaphoresis
  • irritable, anxious
  • seizures, coma, death
31
Q

Clinical features of hyperglycaemia?

A
  • drowsy, lethargic
  • blurred vision
  • nausea and vomiting
  • Glycosuria and polyuria
  • dehydration
  • fruity breath odour - in Ketoacidosis
  • rapid deep breathing - in ketoacidosis
  • abdominal pain - in ketoacidosis
  • seizures, coma, death
32
Q

Treatment for mild to moderate hypoglycaemia is?

A

Intake of carbohydrates
• quickly absorbed (jellybeans, honey, sweet drink)
• slowly absorbed (bread, dried fruit)

33
Q

Treatment for hyperglycaemia?

A
  • medical emergency
  • insulin replacement
  • fluid replacement
  • electrolyte replacement
34
Q

Chronic complications from hyperglycaemia are?

A
  • athero sclerosis
  • nervous system alterations
  • Visual damage
  • kidney damage
  • infection
  • foot ulcers and diabetic foot
35
Q

Which diabetes can hyperglycaemia cause long-term complications in?

A

All types of diabetes.

36
Q

What are some clinical features of Paraesthesias (Sensory peripheral nerve damage)?

A
  • decreased sensation
  • numbness and tingling in the hands and feet
  • contributes to falls foot ulcers and amputations
37
Q

Is diabetes a common cause of kidney failure?

A

Yes

38
Q

How can foot ulcers lead to amputation?

A
  • > insufficient blood supply
  • > ulcers
  • > gangrene, necrosis
  • > amputation
39
Q

What is the figure representing the relative ability of a carbohydrate food to increase the level of glucose in the blood?

A

Glycaemic index (GI)

40
Q

A high spike in blood glucose level followed by hunger is a result of what?

A

Hi GI.

41
Q

Excessive adipose tissue results in what?

A

Becoming a “ FAT FUCK”

42
Q

What does BMI stand for?

A

Body mass index

43
Q

What is a healthy BMI range?

A

18–25

44
Q

The BMI classification of obesity is what?

A

Above 30

45
Q

What is an average adults daily calorie intake?

A

1500 to 2000

46
Q

What is the role of leptin?

A

Promotes satiety, and suppresses appetite

47
Q

Where is leptin produced?

A

Adipose cells.

48
Q

Which structures/substance inhibits food intake?

A 
Stretch receptors (stomach)
• gastro intestinal hormones
• ghrelin (In stomach)
49
Q 
In the last 10 years the rate of obesity has increased by how much?
A 42%
B 55%
C 50%
D 48%
A

50%

50
Q

What are some modifiable risk factors in regards to obesity?

A
  • stress
  • hormonal alterations
  • emotional eating
  • lack of sleep
  • smoking
  • nutrient deficient diet
  • sedentary lifestyle
51
Q

What are the differences between Central and peripheral obesity?

A

•Apple vs pair shaped.
• abdominal fat around visceral organs VS subcutaneous fat around the hips and buttocks
• adipocyte hypertrophy vs adipocyte
hyperplasia
• higher risk of obesity related complications VS lower risks

52
Q

What are some hormonal abnormalities with excess abdominal fat?

A
  • insulin resistance, increased insulin secretion
  • decreased progesterone level in women
  • Decreased testosterone level in men
  • increased cortisol production
53
Q

For men they are at greater risk of health problems with a waist circumference greater then?

A

94 CM

54
Q

Women are at a greater risk of health problems with a waste circumference greater then?

A

80 CM

55
Q

Cardiovascular diseases resulting from obesity include?

A 
Hypertension
Stroke
Hyperlipidaemia
Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease
56
Q

Insulin resistant diseases resulting from obesity include?

A

Type two diabetes mellitus

Pre-diabetes

57
Q

Cancers resulting from obesity include?

A 
Endometrial
Ovarian
Breast
Prostate
Colo rectal
Pancreatic
Hepatic
Renal
58
Q

Digestive System diseases resulting from obesity include?

A

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Gallstones

59
Q

Other Health consequences resulting from obesity include?

A 
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Asthma
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Infertility
Osteo arthritis
Depression
Back pain
60
Q 
The average mortality rate for Australians with obesity is?
A 54 years
B 62 years
C 65 years
D 69 years
A

62 years

61
Q

Psychological problems occurring from obesity include?

A

Social buyers, prejudiced and discrimination
Body shape dissatisfaction
Eating disorders, weight cycling and mood swings

62
Q

Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of?

A

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease

63
Q

Prevention and management strategies of obesity include?

A 
Life style
Medications
Diet
Exercise
Surgery
64
Q

National heart foundation guidelines suggest we decrease the Intake of saurated fats and increase intake from which fats?

A

Polyunsaturated

65
Q

One of the hazards of fad diets are?

A

Rebound weight gain

66
Q

For a healthy lifestyle how much physical activity is recommended per day?

A

Minimum of 30 minutes per day

67
Q

What is Xenical?

A

A lipid absorption blocking drug

68
Q

What is duromine?

A

Appetite suppressant

69
Q

What are some side-effects of duromine?

A 
Hypertension
Tachycardia
Constipation
Dry mouth
Headache
Insomnia
70
Q

What are some risk factors of laxatives?

A

Electrolyte disturbance and intestinal damage

71
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

Decrease body fluids

72
Q

Thyroxine increases what?

A

Metabolic rate

73
Q

What are the three different types of weight loss surgery?

A

Gastric banding
Gastric bypass
Gastric sleeve

74
Q

What are two Weightloss surgery side-effects?

A

Malabsorption deficiencies

And dumping syndrome

75
Q

What is dumping syndrome?

A

Stomach contents empty to rapidly into the small intestine

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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