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Bioscience 2 > Cardiovascular 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Resistance (or back-pressure) for blood ejecting from the heart is called…

A

Afterload

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2
Q

The force against which the ventricle contracts to eject blood is called…

A

Afterload

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3
Q

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction is called…

A

Stroke volume

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4
Q

Explain preload

A

Preload is the pressure generated in the ventricle (or the volume of blood in the ventricle) at the end of diastole resulting in stretch of cardiac muscle

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5
Q

Explain contractility

A

Contractility refers to the increased strength of contraction due to an increase in calcium available for the muscle

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6
Q

Total blood ejected by the heart each minute is called…

A

Cardiac output

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7
Q

Increased sympathetic output is activated in response to haemorrhage… True or false

A

True… A loss in blood volume will result in a decrease in systemic blood pressure, causing activation of the baroreceptor reflex, which triggers sympathetic nervous system responses.

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8
Q

Blood flow to an organ is called…

A

Perfusion

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9
Q

The degree of myocardial stretch prior to contraction is called…

A

Preload

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10
Q

Dyslipidaemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis….true or false

A

True

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11
Q

High levels of LDL and triglycerides increase the risk of …

A

Atherosclerosis

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12
Q

Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include…

A

Obesity
Hypertension and
Smoking

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13
Q

Receptors that respond to adrenaline and noradrenaline are called…

A

Adrenergic receptors

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14
Q

The systemic circuit supplies blood to and from…

A

All body tissue

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15
Q

The Pulmonary circuit supplies blood to and from…

A

The lungs for oxygenation

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16
Q

Right heart chambers propel deoxygenated blood through which circuit

A

The pulmonary circuit

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17
Q

Left heart chambers propel oxygenated blood through which circuit

A

Systemic circuit

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18
Q

Coronary veins drain into the ————–which empties into the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

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19
Q

The main coronary arteries branch off the ——-and lead into ——–which supply blood to cardiac tissue

A

Aorta

Capillaries

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20
Q

List the coronary arteries

A

Left main coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
Circumflex artery and
Right coronary artery

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21
Q

What does the cardiac conduction system comprise of?

A

The SA node (pacemaker)
AV node
Atrioventricular bundle Right and left bundle branches
and purkinje fibres

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22
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate. true or false

A

False. It slows the heart rate down.

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate

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23
Q

In an ECG what does the P represent

A

P = atrial depolarisation

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24
Q

In an ECG what does QRS represent

A

QRS =ventricular depolarisation and atrial repolarisation

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25
Q

In an ECG what does the T represent

A

T= ventricular repolarisation

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26
Q

Cardiac control centres are in the

A

Brainstem (medulla)

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27
Q

Cardio inhibitory centre _______the heart rate via _________system

A

Decreases parasympathetic

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28
Q

Cardio excitatory centre increases heart rate and _________ via the _________nervous system (B1 receptors in heart)

A

Vasoconstriction

sympathetic

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29
Q

Cardiac output =

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

CO = HR x SV

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30
Q

List the factors that can affect cardiac output stroke volume

A

Preload
Afterload and
contractility

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31
Q

Long-term control of Blood pressure is handled by the ______________system

A

Renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system

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32
Q

Which organ detects a decrease in blood pressure

A

The kidneys

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33
Q

What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

A

Renin (which is released by the kidneys)

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34
Q

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts ___________

A

Angiotensin l to angiotensin II (lungs)

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35
Q

Angiotensin II causes _________secretion from _______gland

A

Aldosterone

adrenal

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36
Q

Aldosterone secretion from adrenal gland results in

A

•Reabsorption of sodium and water by kidney •increased blood volume •increased blood pressure

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37
Q

_________inhibits thrombus formation and inhibits coagulation (prevent fibrin mesh)

A

Anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin

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38
Q

________inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation

A

Antiplatelet such as aspirin and Cartia

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39
Q

_______Inhibit conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, so less aldosterone.

A

ACE inhibitors such as captopril and enalapril

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40
Q

______blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

Angiotensin II blockers such as Irbesartan and Losartan

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41
Q

_______block effects of adrenaline/noradrenaline at B receptors which decreases cardiac contractility and heart rate

A

Beta-blockers such as Metoprolol and atenolol

42
Q

Dietary fats include

A

•Triglycerides
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (eg fish)
Monounsaturated fatty acid (eg olive oil)
Trans-unsaturated fatty acids (eg processing of polyunsaturated fats)
and Saturated fatty acids (eg animal fats)
•phospholipids and
•cholesterol

43
Q

Sources of cholesterol are

A
  • Dietary cholesterol (mainly from animal sources) and

* produced by the liver (60%)

44
Q

Cells require cholesterol for cell membrane. True or false

A

True

45
Q

Cholesterol mostly comes from animal sources. true or false

A

False.

cholesterol is mostly produced by the liver 60%

46
Q

Liver removes cholesterol from the circulation through the bile salts. true or false

A

True

47
Q

Bile salts are recycled via the _______ circulation

A

Enterohepatic

48
Q

Medications to lower cholesterol are called _______ and may be referred to as _______inhibitors

A

Statins

HMG-CoA

49
Q

The liver produces more cholesterol when the diet is low in saturated and transfats. true or false

A

False. it produces more when the diet is HIGH in saturated and transfats and involves HMG-CoA reductase

50
Q

Cholesterol is necessary for the production of various hormones including…

A

Cortisol
aldosterone
testosterone and oestrogen

51
Q

What does LDL stand for and is it good or bad

A

Low density lipoprotein

bad cholesterol

52
Q

What does HDL stand for and is it good or bad

A

High Density Lipoprotein

good cholesterol

53
Q

Endothelial cells breakdown cholesterol true or false

A

False

Endothelial cells cannot break down cholesterol

54
Q

LDL deposits cholesterol at __________cells via LDL receptors

A

Endothelial

55
Q

LDL transports cholesterol to ______ ______from the ______

A

Body tissue

liver

56
Q

HDL transports cholesterol from _____ ______to the _____

A

Body tissues

liver

57
Q

Lipoproteins transport ____in the blood

A

Lipids

58
Q

The liver forms lipoproteins including…

A

LDL: low density lipoprotein and
HDL: high density lipoprotein

59
Q

HDL maintains endothelial cells. true or false

A

True

60
Q

HDL inhibits the movement of ________into the artery wall

A

Macrophages

61
Q

HDL prevents and removes _______from artery wall

A

Lipids

62
Q

Liver can remove cholesterol from the circulation. true or false

A

True

63
Q

A lipoprotein metabolism disorder resulting in lipoprotein overproduction or deficiency is known as…

A

Dyslipidaemia

64
Q

Dyslipidaemia includes:

A
  • Increased triglycerides •increased LDL and

* Decreased HDL

65
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors for dyslipidaemia

A

Familial hyperlipidaemia (genetic)

66
Q

Modifiable risk factors for dyslipidaemia

A
  • High intake saturated and transfatty acids
  • High total energy intake, high intake cholesterol
  • Low intake mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • Low intake of dietary fibre
  • Sedentary lifestyle •smoking •stress
67
Q

Raised levels of c______contribute to dyslipidaemia and arthrosclerosis

A

Cortisol

68
Q

Raised levels of a_______and c_______elevate Blood Pressure

A

Aldosterone

cortisol

69
Q

What are the recommended target levels for lipids in the blood

A

LDL…………………1.0

Triglycerides……..

70
Q

A condition in which fatty deposits and calcium (plaque) build up inside the coronary arteries is called:

A

Atherosclerosis

71
Q

The modifiable factors for atherosclerosis include:

A

•Dyslipidaemia •hypertension •obesity •exercise •diabetes mellitus •insulin resistance •smoking and inflammation

72
Q

The non-modifiable risks associated with atherosclerosis include:

A

•Increasing age •male gender •female after menopause •family history of heart disease

73
Q

Atherosclerosis becomes clinically important when vessel lumen becomes occluded by __% or more

A

70%

74
Q

List the progression of atherosclerosis

A
  1. Endothelial cell injury
  2. Endothelial cell inflammation
  3. Fatty streak
  4. Fibrous plaque
75
Q

As a result of injury, endothelial cells no longer produce a_________and v_________ substances, leading to thrombosis and vasoconstriction

A

Antithrombotic vasodilating

76
Q

Inflamed endothelial cells attract m_________ and other inflammatory cells

A

Macrophages

77
Q

Macrophages release inflammatory mediators including CRP. These cause:

A
  • Endothelial cell injury

* Production of oxygen free radicals

78
Q

In regards to atherosclerosis, explain the fatty streak

A

•LDL in the subendothelium is engulfed by macrophages

.foam cells are formed

79
Q

What tastes better than it smells?

A

Riddle time 😜

80
Q

In regards to atherosclerosis, explain the fibrous plaque

A 
•Macrophages release         growth factors
~Stimulate smooth muscle growth
~Increased deposition of collagen
~Calcification
~Loss of vasodilation
81
Q

Soft Plaque is prone to rupture and provides a surface that promotes platelet a______and fibrin clot f______ -thrombosis

A

Adhesion

formation

82
Q

What is the definition of Thrombosis

A

Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus/blood clot within a blood vessel

83
Q

Complicated Plaque is: s___ p_____ + t______

A

Soft plaque + thrombus

84
Q

List the consequences of atherosclerosis

A
  • Heart: chest pain, heart attack
  • Brain: stroke
  • Arms and legs: peripheral artery disease, gangrene and amputation
  • Kidneys: kidney failure
  • Genitals: erectile dysfunction, vaginal dryness
85
Q

Explain the dietary requirements to prevent or treat atherosclerosis

A
  • decreasing saturated and trans fats

* increasing mono-, poly-unsaturated fats and dietary fibre

86
Q

What are arterial anastomoses

A

Merged arterial vascular connections that provide collateral or alternative arterial supply

87
Q

Which vessels empty into the right atrium

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus
88
Q

In cardiac tissue at rest: sodium (Na+) cytoplasm concentration is ____and extracellular concentration is _____.
(High or low)

A

Low

High

89
Q

In cardiac tissue at rest: potassium (k+) cytoplasm concentration is ____and extracellular concentration is ____.
(High or low)

A

High

Low

90
Q

In cardiac tissue at rest: calcium (Ca) cytoplasm concentration is _____and extracellular concentration is ____
(High or low)

A

Low

High

91
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline can be released as n___________ or h_______

A

Neurotransmitters hormones

92
Q

The volume of blood returning to the heart from the Venous circulation is called

A

Venous return

93
Q

Enterohepatic circulation is …

A

Circulation of lipids between liver and intestines

94
Q

Period where the heart is in a state of relaxation

A

Diastole

95
Q

Period when the heart is in a state of contraction

A

Systole

96
Q

Resistance to the flow of blood within systemic blood vessels

A

Peripheral resistance

97
Q

Deposit of fat and other substances that accumulate in the lining of an artery wall is called

A

Atherosclerotic plaque

98
Q

Another word for a blood clot

A

Thrombus

99
Q

Narrowing of blood vessel is called

A

Vasoconstriction

100
Q

Widening of blood vessel is called

A

Vasodilation

101
Q

Peripheral resistance depends on

A
  • Diameter of blood vessel

* Blood viscosity

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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