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Cardiovascular 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Resistance (or back-pressure) for blood ejecting from the heart is called…

A

Afterload

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2
Q

The force against which the ventricle contracts to eject blood is called…

A

Afterload

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3
Q

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction is called…

A

Stroke volume

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4
Q

Explain preload

A

Preload is the pressure generated in the ventricle (or the volume of blood in the ventricle) at the end of diastole resulting in stretch of cardiac muscle

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5
Q

Explain contractility

A

Contractility refers to the increased strength of contraction due to an increase in calcium available for the muscle

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6
Q

Total blood ejected by the heart each minute is called…

A

Cardiac output

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7
Q

Increased sympathetic output is activated in response to haemorrhage… True or false

A

True… A loss in blood volume will result in a decrease in systemic blood pressure, causing activation of the baroreceptor reflex, which triggers sympathetic nervous system responses.

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8
Q

Blood flow to an organ is called…

A

Perfusion

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9
Q

The degree of myocardial stretch prior to contraction is called…

A

Preload

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10
Q

Dyslipidaemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis….true or false

A

True

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11
Q

High levels of LDL and triglycerides increase the risk of …

A

Atherosclerosis

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12
Q

Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include…

A

Obesity
Hypertension and
Smoking

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13
Q

Receptors that respond to adrenaline and noradrenaline are called…

A

Adrenergic receptors

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14
Q

The systemic circuit supplies blood to and from…

A

All body tissue

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15
Q

The Pulmonary circuit supplies blood to and from…

A

The lungs for oxygenation

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16
Q

Right heart chambers propel deoxygenated blood through which circuit

A

The pulmonary circuit

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17
Q

Left heart chambers propel oxygenated blood through which circuit

A

Systemic circuit

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18
Q

Coronary veins drain into the ————–which empties into the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

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19
Q

The main coronary arteries branch off the ——-and lead into ——–which supply blood to cardiac tissue

A

Aorta

Capillaries

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20
Q

List the coronary arteries

A

Left main coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
Circumflex artery and
Right coronary artery

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21
Q

What does the cardiac conduction system comprise of?

A

The SA node (pacemaker)
AV node
Atrioventricular bundle Right and left bundle branches
and purkinje fibres

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22
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate. true or false

A

False. It slows the heart rate down.

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate

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23
Q

In an ECG what does the P represent

A

P = atrial depolarisation

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24
Q

In an ECG what does QRS represent

A

QRS =ventricular depolarisation and atrial repolarisation

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25
In an ECG what does the T represent
T= ventricular repolarisation
26
Cardiac control centres are in the
Brainstem (medulla)
27
Cardio inhibitory centre _______the heart rate via _________system
Decreases parasympathetic
28
Cardio excitatory centre increases heart rate and _________ via the _________nervous system (B1 receptors in heart)
Vasoconstriction | sympathetic
29
Cardiac output =
Heart rate x stroke volume | CO = HR x SV
30
List the factors that can affect cardiac output stroke volume
Preload Afterload and contractility
31
Long-term control of Blood pressure is handled by the ______________system
Renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system
32
Which organ detects a decrease in blood pressure
The kidneys
33
What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
Renin (which is released by the kidneys)
34
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts ___________
Angiotensin l to angiotensin II (lungs)
35
Angiotensin II causes _________secretion from _______gland
Aldosterone | adrenal
36
Aldosterone secretion from adrenal gland results in
•Reabsorption of sodium and water by kidney •increased blood volume •increased blood pressure
37
_________inhibits thrombus formation and inhibits coagulation (prevent fibrin mesh)
Anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin
38
________inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation
Antiplatelet such as aspirin and Cartia
39
_______Inhibit conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, so less aldosterone.
ACE inhibitors such as captopril and enalapril
40
______blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin II blockers such as Irbesartan and Losartan
41
_______block effects of adrenaline/noradrenaline at B receptors which decreases cardiac contractility and heart rate
Beta-blockers such as Metoprolol and atenolol
42
Dietary fats include
•Triglycerides Polyunsaturated fatty acids (eg fish) Monounsaturated fatty acid (eg olive oil) Trans-unsaturated fatty acids (eg processing of polyunsaturated fats) and Saturated fatty acids (eg animal fats) •phospholipids and •cholesterol
43
Sources of cholesterol are
* Dietary cholesterol (mainly from animal sources) and | * produced by the liver (60%)
44
Cells require cholesterol for cell membrane. True or false
True
45
Cholesterol mostly comes from animal sources. true or false
False. | cholesterol is mostly produced by the liver 60%
46
Liver removes cholesterol from the circulation through the bile salts. true or false
True
47
Bile salts are recycled via the _______ circulation
Enterohepatic
48
Medications to lower cholesterol are called _______ and may be referred to as _______inhibitors
Statins | HMG-CoA
49
The liver produces more cholesterol when the diet is low in saturated and transfats. true or false
False. it produces more when the diet is HIGH in saturated and transfats and involves HMG-CoA reductase
50
Cholesterol is necessary for the production of various hormones including...
Cortisol aldosterone testosterone and oestrogen
51
What does LDL stand for and is it good or bad
Low density lipoprotein | bad cholesterol
52
What does HDL stand for and is it good or bad
High Density Lipoprotein | good cholesterol
53
Endothelial cells breakdown cholesterol true or false
False | Endothelial cells cannot break down cholesterol
54
LDL deposits cholesterol at __________cells via LDL receptors
Endothelial
55
LDL transports cholesterol to ______ ______from the ______
Body tissue | liver
56
HDL transports cholesterol from _____ ______to the _____
Body tissues | liver
57
Lipoproteins transport ____in the blood
Lipids
58
The liver forms lipoproteins including...
LDL: low density lipoprotein and HDL: high density lipoprotein
59
HDL maintains endothelial cells. true or false
True
60
HDL inhibits the movement of ________into the artery wall
Macrophages
61
HDL prevents and removes _______from artery wall
Lipids
62
Liver can remove cholesterol from the circulation. true or false
True
63
A lipoprotein metabolism disorder resulting in lipoprotein overproduction or deficiency is known as...
Dyslipidaemia
64
Dyslipidaemia includes:
* Increased triglycerides •increased LDL and | * Decreased HDL
65
Non-modifiable risk factors for dyslipidaemia
Familial hyperlipidaemia (genetic)
66
Modifiable risk factors for dyslipidaemia
* High intake saturated and transfatty acids * High total energy intake, high intake cholesterol * Low intake mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids * Low intake of dietary fibre * Sedentary lifestyle •smoking •stress
67
Raised levels of c______contribute to dyslipidaemia and arthrosclerosis
Cortisol
68
Raised levels of a_______and c_______elevate Blood Pressure
Aldosterone | cortisol
69
What are the recommended target levels for lipids in the blood
LDL.....................1.0 | Triglycerides........
70
A condition in which fatty deposits and calcium (plaque) build up inside the coronary arteries is called:
Atherosclerosis
71
The modifiable factors for atherosclerosis include:
•Dyslipidaemia •hypertension •obesity •exercise •diabetes mellitus •insulin resistance •smoking and inflammation
72
The non-modifiable risks associated with atherosclerosis include:
•Increasing age •male gender •female after menopause •family history of heart disease
73
Atherosclerosis becomes clinically important when vessel lumen becomes occluded by __% or more
70%
74
List the progression of atherosclerosis
1. Endothelial cell injury 2. Endothelial cell inflammation 3. Fatty streak 4. Fibrous plaque
75
As a result of injury, endothelial cells no longer produce a_________and v_________ substances, leading to thrombosis and vasoconstriction
Antithrombotic vasodilating
76
Inflamed endothelial cells attract m_________ and other inflammatory cells
Macrophages
77
Macrophages release inflammatory mediators including CRP. These cause:
* Endothelial cell injury | * Production of oxygen free radicals
78
In regards to atherosclerosis, explain the fatty streak
•LDL in the subendothelium is engulfed by macrophages | .foam cells are formed
79
What tastes better than it smells?
Riddle time 😜
80
In regards to atherosclerosis, explain the fibrous plaque
``` •Macrophages release growth factors ~Stimulate smooth muscle growth ~Increased deposition of collagen ~Calcification ~Loss of vasodilation ```
81
Soft Plaque is prone to rupture and provides a surface that promotes platelet a______and fibrin clot f______ -thrombosis
Adhesion | formation
82
What is the definition of Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus/blood clot within a blood vessel
83
Complicated Plaque is: s___ p_____ + t______
Soft plaque + thrombus
84
List the consequences of atherosclerosis
* Heart: chest pain, heart attack * Brain: stroke * Arms and legs: peripheral artery disease, gangrene and amputation * Kidneys: kidney failure * Genitals: erectile dysfunction, vaginal dryness
85
Explain the dietary requirements to prevent or treat atherosclerosis
* decreasing saturated and trans fats | * increasing mono-, poly-unsaturated fats and dietary fibre
86
What are arterial anastomoses
Merged arterial vascular connections that provide collateral or alternative arterial supply
87
Which vessels empty into the right atrium
* Superior vena cava * Inferior vena cava * Coronary sinus
88
In cardiac tissue at rest: sodium (Na+) cytoplasm concentration is ____and extracellular concentration is _____. (High or low)
Low | High
89
In cardiac tissue at rest: potassium (k+) cytoplasm concentration is ____and extracellular concentration is ____. (High or low)
High | Low
90
In cardiac tissue at rest: calcium (Ca) cytoplasm concentration is _____and extracellular concentration is ____ (High or low)
Low | High
91
Adrenaline and noradrenaline can be released as n___________ or h_______
Neurotransmitters hormones
92
The volume of blood returning to the heart from the Venous circulation is called
Venous return
93
Enterohepatic circulation is ...
Circulation of lipids between liver and intestines
94
Period where the heart is in a state of relaxation
Diastole
95
Period when the heart is in a state of contraction
Systole
96
Resistance to the flow of blood within systemic blood vessels
Peripheral resistance
97
Deposit of fat and other substances that accumulate in the lining of an artery wall is called
Atherosclerotic plaque
98
Another word for a blood clot
Thrombus
99
Narrowing of blood vessel is called
Vasoconstriction
100
Widening of blood vessel is called
Vasodilation
101
Peripheral resistance depends on
* Diameter of blood vessel | * Blood viscosity

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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