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Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define “external respiration”.

A

External respiration is the exchange of gases across the blood vessels and lungs.

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2
Q

What does “URT” stand for?

A

Upper respiratory tract.

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3
Q

What structure make up the URT?

A

Nose and naval cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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4
Q

What structures make up the LRT?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles

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5
Q

What is the medical term for breathing?

A

Ventilation.

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6
Q

List the 3 structures of the pharynx.

A

Nasopharynx
Oesophaynx
Laryngophaynx

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7
Q

Define “internal respiration”.

A

Internal respiration is gas exchange from blood vessels to tissue cells in body.

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8
Q

Describe the function of the elastin fibres within the respiratory system.

A

Allows the airways and alveoli to expand and return to resting state.

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9
Q

Describe the function of cilia and mucous in the respiratory system.

A

Mucous traps foreign bodies and cilia moves the mucous to the pharynx.

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10
Q

Are elastin fibres present in all three listed below

  • Large bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
A

Yes all three contain elastin fibres

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11
Q

Is smooth muscle present in all listed below

  • large bronhi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
A

No, only the large bronchi and bronchioles contain smooth muscle.

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12
Q

Identify the two major respiratory muscles.

A

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

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13
Q

Identify the respiratory systems main defences from pathogens.

A
  • Tonsils
  • Normal respiratory flora
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • Alveolar macrophages
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14
Q

List the 3 tonsils.

A
  • Pharyngeal tonsils ( adenoids when enlarged)
  • Palatine tonsil (left and right)
  • Lingual tonsil
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15
Q

Describe the role of the tonsils.

A

Trap bacteria

        - remove pathogens 
        - stimulate immune response for memory
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16
Q

What is the danger of giving someone a drink when they are unconscious?

A

Aspiration, due to an inactivation of the cough reflex.

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17
Q

Trachea divides into the left and right bronchi at the ___________.

A

Carina (clinical relevance as this is the site for intubation).

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18
Q

Describe the “mucociliary escalator”.

A

Mucus traps particles and the cilia sweeps this mucus towards the pharynx.

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19
Q

Describe the structures of the alveoli.

A

Type 1 cells (gas exchange)
Type 2 cells (secrete surfactant)
Alveolar macrophages
Also contains elastin fibres

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20
Q

Gas exchange can be reduced if the respiratory membranes are thickened due to ____________.

A

Pulmonary oedema

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21
Q

Gas exchange can be reduced if the respiratory membranes area is reduced due to ___________.

A

Emphysema

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22
Q

Tachypnoea means?

A

Elevated ventilation rate

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23
Q

Bradypnoea means?

A

Decreased ventilation rate.

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24
Q

Define elastic recoil of the lungs.

A

The tendency of the lungs to return to resting state after inspiration.

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25
Define lung compliance.
Lung compliance is the distensibility or stretchiness of the lungs and chest wall
26
How is surface tension over come in the lungs?
Surfactant.
27
Define airway resistance.
Friction of air against walls of the airways.
28
Airway resistance is decreased due to ___________.
Bronchiconstriction ( decreased bronchial diameter) | obstruction (by mucus or tumor)
29
Loss of surfactant in RDS cause what.
Alveoli to collapse.
30
AGBA stands for?
Arterial blood gas analysis
31
What are the normal values for PaO2 in systemic blood?
80-100mmHg
32
What are the normal values for PaCO2 in systemic blood?
35-45mmHg
33
What is the normal range for pH?
7.35 - 7.45
34
What is the Pa02 for blood entering and leaving the lungs?
``` Entering = 40mmHg Leaving = 100mmHg ```
35
What is the PaC02 for blood entering and leaving the lungs?
``` Entering = 46mmHg Leaving = 40mmHg ```
36
How is C02 transported in the body?
Most C02 transported as HC03 | Some binds to the globin
37
Increase in C02 leads to an increase in ________ which cause a decrease in __________.
Acid decreasing pH
38
``` Low Pa02 causes _________ of pulmonary arterioles. A) dilation B) spasm C) constriction D) inflammation ```
C) constriction
39
``` Obstruction of airways in COPD leads to? A) bronchiole constriction B) bronchiole dilation C) hypoxaemia and hypercapnia D) hyperaemia and hypocapnia ```
C) hypoxaemia and hypercapnia
40
``` Respiratory control centres are located in? A) hypothalamus B) hippocampus C) medulla oblongata D) occipital lobe ```
C) medulla oblongata
41
The sympathetic nervous system releases __________ and __________ to ___________ ventilation.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline to increase ventilation
42
The parasympathetic nervous system releases _________ to ___________ ventilation.
Acetylcholine to decrease ventilation
43
Define a sympathetic agonist.
A drug that mimics the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
44
``` Adrenaline and noradrenaline bind to _______ receptors on bronchioles and bronchi to cause ___________. A) b2 andrenic , bronchodilation B) b1 andrenic, bronchodilation C) b1 andrenic, bronchoconstriction D) b2 andrenic, bronchoconstriction ```
A) b2 andrenic, bronchodilation
45
Define agonist.
Agonist = enhance
46
Define cholinergic.
Cholinergics = block
47
Respiratory control centres in brainstem receive sensory input from __________.
Chemoreceptors
48
What is a more important chemical control O2 or C02?
C02 , as O2 has a huge reservoir before stimulation increases.
49
``` Respiratory acidosis is caused by a __________ in C02 and a ____________ in pH. A) increase, decrease B) decrease, decrease C) increase, increase D) decrease, increase ```
A) increase, decrease
50
``` Respiratory alkalosis is caused by a __________ in C02 and a ____________ in pH. A) increase, decrease B) decrease, decrease C) increase, increase D) decrease, increase ```
D) decrease, increase
51
``` Respiratory acidosis is causes by A) hyperventilation B) hypoventilation C) hypernataemia D) hyponataemia ```
B) hypoventilation
52
``` Respiratory alkalosis is caused by, A) hyperventilation B) hypoventilation C) hypernataemia D) hyponataemia ```
A) hyperventilation
53
``` Healthy lungs can exhale A) 85% or more of FVC in 2 seconds B) 70 % of FVC in 1 second C) 80% or more of FVC in 2 seconds D) 80% or more of FVC in 1 second ```
D) 80% or more of FVC in 1 second
54
``` Obstructive lung disease will cause an ____________ in airway resistance causing a ___________ FEV1. A) increase, increase B) decrease, decrease C) decrease, increase D) increase, decrease ```
D) Increase, decrease
55
``` Restrictive lung disease will cause ________ lung expansion and will show a ___________ FEV1. A) impaired, decreased B) impaired, normal C) impaired, increased D) normal, impaired ```
B) impaired , normal
56
RDS stands for
Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
57
Respiratory distress syndrome is associated with _____________ lungs
Immature
58
RDS causes alveoli to collapse due to _____________ .
Deficiency of surfactant
59
``` Surfactant is produced at __________ weeks of gestation. A) 25 B) 30 C) 28 D) 35 ```
B) 30
60
RDS clinical features include,
- Nasal flaring - Tachypnoea - Dyspnoea - Pale colour - Progressive hypoxaemia
61
RDS risk factors
- Prematurity - Caesarian delivery - Maternal diabetes - Asphyxia
62
RDS treatment
- Prevent premature birth - Maternal glucocorticoids - treatment based on prematurity - Surfactant therapy - CPAP
63
ARDS stands for
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
64
What can cause ARDS?
- Sepsis - Trauma - Pneumonia - Aspiration - Smoke inhalation
65
Pathophysiology of ARDS
Multiple inflammatory mediators are activated causing damage to the alveoli and capillaries
66
ARDS can lead to
- Pulmonary Oedema - Collapsed alveoli - Hypoxaemia
67
ARDS clinical feature
- Marked Dyspnoea - Hyperventilation - Severe hypoxaemia unresponsive to O2 therapy
68
ARDS treatments include
- Maintain adequate O2 levels in tissues - Altering from prone to supine positions - Minimise lung injury - Avoid complications
69
Define aspiration.
Aspiration is the inhalation of fluid or solids into the lungs.
70
Aspiration clinical features include,
- Hypoxaemia - Cough - Dyspnoea
71
Can aspiration cause ARDS?
Yes , progressive deterioration causes ARDS.
72
What is the treatment for Aspiration?
- Oxygen therapy - Suction of trachea - Bronchoscopy to remove particulate matter
73
What are the clinical features of drowning?
- Hypoxaemia - Hypercapnia - acidosis - possible hypothermia - cyanosis
74
``` What is a symptom of Obstructive sleep apnoea? A) impairment of surfactant B) Alveolar injury C) repeated episodes of hypoxia D) closing of the pharynx ```
C and D | Repeated episodes of hypoxia due to closing of the pharynx which can last 10 to 60 seconds
75
Signs and symptoms of sleep apnoea include,
- Snoring - Restless sleep - Chronic tiredness
76
Obstructive sleep apnoea is associated with?
- Obesity - Enlarged tonsils (children) May require CPAP
77
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Blockage of pulmonary arteries by an embolism.
78
Where does a pulmonary embolism most commonly arise from?
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
79
``` Clinical features of a pulmonary embolism include, A) Tachycardia, Tachypnoea, Dyspnoea B) Bradycardia, thrombotic inflammation C) Myocardial infarction, pneumonia D) all of the above ```
A) Tachycardia, Tachypnoea, Dyspnoea
80
``` Pulmonary embolism diagnosis includes a _____ test. A) Embolism CT B) D dimer C) C dimer D) blood test ```
B) d dimer, which test for increased fibrinolysis
81
``` Pulmonary oedema caused by pulmonary hypertension aries from, A) Recurring pulmonary embolism B) left side heart failure C) COPD D) ARDS ```
All of the above
82
Define pulmonary oedema.
Excess fluid which lines the alveoli
83
Clinical feature of pulmonary oedema include,
- Dyspnoea - Hypoxaemia - Cyanosis - Tachycardia - Chest pain - Basal crepitation ( base crackles in the lungs)
84
Management of pulmonary oedema includes,
- Anticoagulants - Diuretics - Oxygen - Digoxin
85
What are the main feature of respiratory infections?
- Fever - Sore throat - Cough - Increased sputum
86
What are the main types of respiratory infections?
- Pneumonia - Acute bronchitis - Common cold - Influenza
87
Define pneumonia.
Infection of the lower respiratory tract.
88
Mains routes of infection for pneumonia include,
- Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions | - Inhalation from infected cough
89
Does pneumonia cause ventilation perfusion mismatch.
Yes
90
Define acute bronchitis.
Acute infection of the bronchi. Similar feature of pneumonia.
91
What is the main cause of the common cold?
Rhinovirus
92
What is the incubation period for the common cold?
72 hours
93
What is an Epidemic?
Increase in a number of people infected
94
What is a Pandemic?
Infects a large area and very large number of people.

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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