Respiratory 1 Flashcards
Define “external respiration”.
External respiration is the exchange of gases across the blood vessels and lungs.
What does “URT” stand for?
Upper respiratory tract.
What structure make up the URT?
Nose and naval cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
What structures make up the LRT?
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
What is the medical term for breathing?
Ventilation.
List the 3 structures of the pharynx.
Nasopharynx
Oesophaynx
Laryngophaynx
Define “internal respiration”.
Internal respiration is gas exchange from blood vessels to tissue cells in body.
Describe the function of the elastin fibres within the respiratory system.
Allows the airways and alveoli to expand and return to resting state.
Describe the function of cilia and mucous in the respiratory system.
Mucous traps foreign bodies and cilia moves the mucous to the pharynx.
Are elastin fibres present in all three listed below
- Large bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
Yes all three contain elastin fibres
Is smooth muscle present in all listed below
- large bronhi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
No, only the large bronchi and bronchioles contain smooth muscle.
Identify the two major respiratory muscles.
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Identify the respiratory systems main defences from pathogens.
- Tonsils
- Normal respiratory flora
- Mucociliary escalator
- Alveolar macrophages
List the 3 tonsils.
- Pharyngeal tonsils ( adenoids when enlarged)
- Palatine tonsil (left and right)
- Lingual tonsil
Describe the role of the tonsils.
Trap bacteria
- remove pathogens - stimulate immune response for memory
What is the danger of giving someone a drink when they are unconscious?
Aspiration, due to an inactivation of the cough reflex.
Trachea divides into the left and right bronchi at the ___________.
Carina (clinical relevance as this is the site for intubation).
Describe the “mucociliary escalator”.
Mucus traps particles and the cilia sweeps this mucus towards the pharynx.
Describe the structures of the alveoli.
Type 1 cells (gas exchange)
Type 2 cells (secrete surfactant)
Alveolar macrophages
Also contains elastin fibres
Gas exchange can be reduced if the respiratory membranes are thickened due to ____________.
Pulmonary oedema
Gas exchange can be reduced if the respiratory membranes area is reduced due to ___________.
Emphysema
Tachypnoea means?
Elevated ventilation rate
Bradypnoea means?
Decreased ventilation rate.
Define elastic recoil of the lungs.
The tendency of the lungs to return to resting state after inspiration.
Define lung compliance.
Lung compliance is the distensibility or stretchiness of the lungs and chest wall
How is surface tension over come in the lungs?
Surfactant.
Define airway resistance.
Friction of air against walls of the airways.
Airway resistance is decreased due to ___________.
Bronchiconstriction ( decreased bronchial diameter)
obstruction (by mucus or tumor)
Loss of surfactant in RDS cause what.
Alveoli to collapse.
AGBA stands for?
Arterial blood gas analysis
What are the normal values for PaO2 in systemic blood?
80-100mmHg
What are the normal values for PaCO2 in systemic blood?
35-45mmHg
What is the normal range for pH?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the Pa02 for blood entering and leaving the lungs?
Entering = 40mmHg Leaving = 100mmHg
What is the PaC02 for blood entering and leaving the lungs?
Entering = 46mmHg Leaving = 40mmHg
How is C02 transported in the body?
Most C02 transported as HC03
Some binds to the globin
Increase in C02 leads to an increase in ________ which cause a decrease in __________.
Acid decreasing pH