Cells and Metabolism Flashcards
Altered cell structure, function or injury can result in what?
Disease
What are the four main causes of disease?
- Genetic
- Environmental
- Multifactorial
- Idiopathic
What is the main building block of protein?
Amino acids
The body can readily produce amino acids.
TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE
What are some of the main functions of proteins?
- providing structure to cells and organs.
- as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions.
- movement of muscles.
What are lipids required for?
To provide insulation, protection and energy.
Where are phospholipids found?
Cell membranes
Polysaccharides contain multiple sugar units, what are they stored as in the body?
Glycogen
What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides?
The number of units of sugar in each of them.
Mono=1
Di=2
Poly=many
What is pathophysiology?
Altered normal function in the body due to disease usually involves cell dysfunction.
The breakdown of glucose through catabolism results in?
The production of ATP.
What is cell respiration?
catabolism of glucose.
Does anaerobic respiration require oxygen?
No
Glycolysis occurs during aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration
One cycle of glycolysis produces how many ATP?
2
2 pryuvic acids produce how many ATP?
30
The Krebs cycle is another name for?
The citric acid cycle.
Where does a aerobic respiration occur?
In the mitochondria.
The breakdown of glucose through catabolism results in?
The production of ATP.
What is cell respiration?
catabolism of glucose.
Does anaerobic respiration require oxygen?
No
Glycolysis occurs during aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration
One cycle of glycolysis produces how many ATP?
2
2 pryuvic acids produce how many ATP?
30
The Krebs cycle is another name for?
The citric acid cycle.
Where does a aerobic respiration occur?
In the mitochondria.
The citric acid cycle and electron transport chain produces maximal ATP how does this occur?
Through a aerobic respiration
What does anaerobic respiration produce?
Lactic acid and very little ATP.
Using oxygen with aerobic respiration what is the maximum amount of ATP produced?
32
What is the maximum amount of ATP produced through anaerobic respiration?
2
Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
It occurs in the cell cytoplasm.
After glycolysis pryuvic acid is converted to lactic acid by which enzyme?
Lactate dehydtogenase (LDH)
Which cell only uses anaerobic respiration?
Red blood cells
Which cells/tissue use both anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
Skeletal muscle
What is the definition of homeostasis?
Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, despite changes in the external environment
Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and guess what is a mechanism to help achieve homeostasis in the body?
Negative feedback
Intracellular fluid is also called?
Cytoplasm
What is interstitial fluid?
Fluid between body cells.
What is plasma?
Fluid between cells with in the bloodstream.
Where is extracellular fluid found?
Outside of the cells.
What can the imbalance of body fluids lead to?
- Dehydration
- Oedema
- Electrolyte imbalances
What is the normal pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45
If the pH level of blood drops below 7.35 what occurs?
Acidosis
What is alkalosis?
When the pH level of blood becomes more than 7.45
If body is in a state of hypothermia what is the problem?
It is too cold
Altered cell function resulting in cell injury is caused by what?
Hypoxia
What is ischaemia?
Insufficient blood supply to tissues
Insufficient oxygen supply to tissues is called what?
Hypoxia
Temporary loss of ATP leads to cell injury a longer loss of ATP leads to cell death what is another name for cell death?
Necrosis
Failure of the sodium/potassium pump resulting in loss of potassium from the cell is caused from what?
Lack of ATP
Increased cytoplasmic calcium occurs from what?
Hypoxia
Increased levels of calcium in the cell causes damage to what?
Cell membrane
What are oxygen free radicals?
Unstable, highly reactive chemical molecules.
What is a positive function of oxygen free radicals?
They are valuable in destroying bacteria and only last for milliseconds before performing cell suicide.
When is there an increased risk of producing more oxygen free radicals?
During cell injury
What occurs when alveolar pressure of oxygen is greater than that normally breathed?
Oxygen toxicity
Irreversible cell injury can lead to what?
Apoptosis or necrosis
What is atrophy?
A cell decreasing in size
What is hypertrophy?
A cell increasing in size
What is hyperplasia?
A cell increasing in number.
What is metaplasia?
A cell changing type
What is dysplasia?
A cell changing in size shape or organisation
If they cell becomes injured what is it unable to do?
Adapt to change.
What is apoptosis?
Specific processes causing a cell to self-destruct or suicide
What is necrosis?
Abnormally functioning cells affecting surrounding cells.
Does apoptosis influence surrounding tissue?
No.
A group of dead cells is called what? And example of this is?
Necrotic tissue. Eg. Gangrene
A protective tissue response from cell injury is called what?
Inflammation
What are some systemic effects from inflammation?
- Fever
- Leucocytosis
- Increased pulse rate
What are some mediators of inflammation?
- Histamine
- Setotonin
- Prostaglandins
- Kinins
Name five characteristics of acute inflammation.
- Redness (erythema)
- Heat (hyperaemia)
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
What are the benefits of acute inflammation?
It is usually short-term, prevents the spread of damage and prepares the tissue for repair
What is chronic inflammation?
It is usually long term and onsets later, it lasts longer sometimes weeks to years resulting in scarring and loss of function.
The stress response involves which body systems?
The nervous and endocrine
Short term stress response is mediated by?
Sympathetic nervous system
Long term stress response is mediated by?
Cortisol from adrenal cortex
Raised levels of Cortisol in the body can increase risks of….
- Diabetes mellitus
- Cardiovascular disease
- Hypertension
- Vasoconstriction (activates RAAS)
- Cancer
Is the short-term response the same for physical, mental and emotional stressors?
Yes - fight or flight mode kicks in.
Long term stress leads to…
Pathophysiological processes and chronic diseases
What is the definition of aerobic respiration?
Production of ATP using oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration?
Production of ATP without using oxygen
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death without causing inflammation
What is cerebral infarction?
Stroke
What is cell respiration?
Process by which energy is released from the breakdown of food
What is abnormal or defective cell function
Cell dysfunction
What is erythaema?
Redness
What is fibrosis?
Formation of excess fibrous (collagen) connective tissue
What is idiopathic?
Of unknown cause
What is infarction?
Tissue death due to lack of oxygen
What are Leucocytes?
White blood cells
What is Leucocytosis?
Increased white blood cell count
What is the medical term for heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
What is oedema?
Swelling due to an excess buildup of fluid in the body’s tissues.
What is reperfusion?
Restoration of blood flow to an organ or tissue
What is vasodilation?
Widening of blood vessels due to relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of vessels
