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Bioscience 2 > Cells and Metabolism > Flashcards

Cells and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Altered cell structure, function or injury can result in what?

A

Disease

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2
Q

What are the four main causes of disease?

A
  • Genetic
  • Environmental
  • Multifactorial
  • Idiopathic
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3
Q

What is the main building block of protein?

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

The body can readily produce amino acids.

TRUE or FALSE?

A

FALSE

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5
Q

What are some of the main functions of proteins?

A
  • providing structure to cells and organs.
  • as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions.
  • movement of muscles.
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6
Q

What are lipids required for?

A

To provide insulation, protection and energy.

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7
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

Cell membranes

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8
Q

Polysaccharides contain multiple sugar units, what are they stored as in the body?

A

Glycogen

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9
Q

What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides?

A

The number of units of sugar in each of them.
Mono=1
Di=2
Poly=many

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10
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Altered normal function in the body due to disease usually involves cell dysfunction.

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11
Q

The breakdown of glucose through catabolism results in?

A

The production of ATP.

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12
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

catabolism of glucose.

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13
Q

Does anaerobic respiration require oxygen?

A

No

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14
Q

Glycolysis occurs during aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration

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15
Q

One cycle of glycolysis produces how many ATP?

A

2

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16
Q

2 pryuvic acids produce how many ATP?

A

30

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17
Q

The Krebs cycle is another name for?

A

The citric acid cycle.

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18
Q

Where does a aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria.

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19
Q

The breakdown of glucose through catabolism results in?

A

The production of ATP.

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20
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

catabolism of glucose.

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21
Q

Does anaerobic respiration require oxygen?

A

No

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22
Q

Glycolysis occurs during aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration

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23
Q

One cycle of glycolysis produces how many ATP?

A

2

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24
Q

2 pryuvic acids produce how many ATP?

A

30

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25
Q

The Krebs cycle is another name for?

A

The citric acid cycle.

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26
Q

Where does a aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria.

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27
Q

The citric acid cycle and electron transport chain produces maximal ATP how does this occur?

A

Through a aerobic respiration

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28
Q

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

A

Lactic acid and very little ATP.

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29
Q

Using oxygen with aerobic respiration what is the maximum amount of ATP produced?

A

32

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30
Q

What is the maximum amount of ATP produced through anaerobic respiration?

A

2

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31
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

It occurs in the cell cytoplasm.

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32
Q

After glycolysis pryuvic acid is converted to lactic acid by which enzyme?

A

Lactate dehydtogenase (LDH)

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33
Q

Which cell only uses anaerobic respiration?

A

Red blood cells

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34
Q

Which cells/tissue use both anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

A

Skeletal muscle

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35
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, despite changes in the external environment

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36
Q

Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and guess what is a mechanism to help achieve homeostasis in the body?

A

Negative feedback

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37
Q

Intracellular fluid is also called?

A

Cytoplasm

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38
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid between body cells.

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39
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid between cells with in the bloodstream.

40
Q

Where is extracellular fluid found?

A

Outside of the cells.

41
Q

What can the imbalance of body fluids lead to?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Oedema
  • Electrolyte imbalances
42
Q

What is the normal pH range of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

43
Q

If the pH level of blood drops below 7.35 what occurs?

A

Acidosis

44
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

When the pH level of blood becomes more than 7.45

45
Q

If body is in a state of hypothermia what is the problem?

A

It is too cold

46
Q

Altered cell function resulting in cell injury is caused by what?

A

Hypoxia

47
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

Insufficient blood supply to tissues

48
Q

Insufficient oxygen supply to tissues is called what?

A

Hypoxia

49
Q

Temporary loss of ATP leads to cell injury a longer loss of ATP leads to cell death what is another name for cell death?

A

Necrosis

50
Q

Failure of the sodium/potassium pump resulting in loss of potassium from the cell is caused from what?

A

Lack of ATP

51
Q

Increased cytoplasmic calcium occurs from what?

A

Hypoxia

52
Q

Increased levels of calcium in the cell causes damage to what?

A

Cell membrane

53
Q

What are oxygen free radicals?

A

Unstable, highly reactive chemical molecules.

54
Q

What is a positive function of oxygen free radicals?

A

They are valuable in destroying bacteria and only last for milliseconds before performing cell suicide.

55
Q

When is there an increased risk of producing more oxygen free radicals?

A

During cell injury

56
Q

What occurs when alveolar pressure of oxygen is greater than that normally breathed?

A

Oxygen toxicity

57
Q

Irreversible cell injury can lead to what?

A

Apoptosis or necrosis

58
Q

What is atrophy?

A

A cell decreasing in size

59
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

A cell increasing in size

60
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

A cell increasing in number.

61
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A cell changing type

62
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

A cell changing in size shape or organisation

63
Q

If they cell becomes injured what is it unable to do?

A

Adapt to change.

64
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Specific processes causing a cell to self-destruct or suicide

65
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Abnormally functioning cells affecting surrounding cells.

66
Q

Does apoptosis influence surrounding tissue?

A

No.

67
Q

A group of dead cells is called what? And example of this is?

A

Necrotic tissue. Eg. Gangrene

68
Q

A protective tissue response from cell injury is called what?

A

Inflammation

69
Q

What are some systemic effects from inflammation?

A
  • Fever
  • Leucocytosis
  • Increased pulse rate
70
Q

What are some mediators of inflammation?

A
  • Histamine
  • Setotonin
  • Prostaglandins
  • Kinins
71
Q

Name five characteristics of acute inflammation.

A
  1. Redness (erythema)
  2. Heat (hyperaemia)
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
  5. Loss of function
72
Q

What are the benefits of acute inflammation?

A

It is usually short-term, prevents the spread of damage and prepares the tissue for repair

73
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

It is usually long term and onsets later, it lasts longer sometimes weeks to years resulting in scarring and loss of function.

74
Q

The stress response involves which body systems?

A

The nervous and endocrine

75
Q

Short term stress response is mediated by?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

76
Q

Long term stress response is mediated by?

A

Cortisol from adrenal cortex

77
Q

Raised levels of Cortisol in the body can increase risks of….

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Hypertension
  • Vasoconstriction (activates RAAS)
  • Cancer
78
Q

Is the short-term response the same for physical, mental and emotional stressors?

A

Yes - fight or flight mode kicks in.

79
Q

Long term stress leads to…

A

Pathophysiological processes and chronic diseases

80
Q

What is the definition of aerobic respiration?

A

Production of ATP using oxygen

81
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Production of ATP without using oxygen

82
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death without causing inflammation

83
Q

What is cerebral infarction?

A

Stroke

84
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

Process by which energy is released from the breakdown of food

85
Q

What is abnormal or defective cell function

A

Cell dysfunction

86
Q

What is erythaema?

A

Redness

87
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Formation of excess fibrous (collagen) connective tissue

88
Q

What is idiopathic?

A

Of unknown cause

89
Q

What is infarction?

A

Tissue death due to lack of oxygen

90
Q

What are Leucocytes?

A

White blood cells

91
Q

What is Leucocytosis?

A

Increased white blood cell count

92
Q

What is the medical term for heart attack?

A

Myocardial infarction

93
Q

What is oedema?

A

Swelling due to an excess buildup of fluid in the body’s tissues.

94
Q

What is reperfusion?

A

Restoration of blood flow to an organ or tissue

95
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Widening of blood vessels due to relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of vessels

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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