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Bio Revision Questions Flashcards

1
Q

During the process of catabolism what occurs?

A

Large molecules are broken down

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2
Q

name something that is not a cause of swelling during acute inflammation?

A

Vasoconstriction

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3
Q

The main differences between short-term and long-term stress are that long-term stress has…..

A

Significant links to disease, but short-term stress does not.
Is mainly mediated by cortisol, but short-term stress is not.

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4
Q

Does necrosis cause inflammation?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Which mechanisms will increase cardiac contractility?

A
  • Increasing intracellular calcium in the heart muscles.
  • The effects of adrenaline on b1-receptors on the heart.
  • The effects of the drug digoxin.
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6
Q

When adrenaline binds to b2-receptors it causes?

A

Vasodilation

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7
Q

During exercise will increased afterload occur?

A

No

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8
Q

In the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system what does aldosterone promote?

A

Sodium and water reabsorption

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9
Q

Macrophages worsen atherosclerosis because they…..

A

Become foam cells

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10
Q

Will a person experience chest pain with angina pectoris?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Why is the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activated with heart failure?

A

Due to insufficient blood flow to the kidneys

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12
Q

Why is digoxin used in management of heart failure?

A

To increase cardiac contractility

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13
Q

Heart cells that suffer from 30 minutes of ischaemia will have what occur?

A
  • insufficient ATP
  • release cardiac troponins
  • undergo necrosis
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14
Q

How does failure of one side of the heart lead to failure of the other side of the heart?

A

The backward effects of left-sided failure lead to right-sided failure

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15
Q

Glucose uptake into muscle cells involves what?

A

The transport of glucose through GLUT4 transporters in the cell membrane

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16
Q

Name three clinical manifestations seen early in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

A

Polyuria
Glycosuria
Polydipsia

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17
Q

If a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus suffers from hypoglycaemia, this is most likely due to what?

A

Excessive insulin medication

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18
Q

What is glycated haemoglobin?

A

An indicator of the blood glucose level in the past 120 days

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19
Q

What dietary choices should patients with diabetes mellitus follow?

A

Both type 1 and type 2 should eat complex carbohydrates

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20
Q

The management of type two diabetes mellitus is…..

A

Important to delay the development of long-term complications.
Involves good glycaemic control.
Involves monitoring of glycated haemoglobin.
Involves limiting saturated fat simple carbohydrates and alcohol intake.

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21
Q

Diabetics may suffer from either acute or chrinic complications, does this refer to type 1 or type 2 diabetic’s?

A

Both

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22
Q

Do adipose cells secrete leptin?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Combining BMI and waiste circumference measurement indicates long-term health risks of obesity because?

A

Visceral abdominal fat is the best predictor of obesity related health risks

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24
Q

Increased abdominal fat causes which hormonal abnormality?

A

Insulin resistance

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25
Is hypotension commonly associated with obesity?
No.
26
Why is the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome useful?
It can indicate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
27
Increased oncogene activity increases the risk of what?
Cancer
28
The development of cancer usually involves what?
Angiogenesis, which is the growth of new blood vessels
29
Chemotherapy targets the cancer cells because?
The cancer cells are rapidly dividing
30
Will avoiding ionising radiation help decrease the risk of cancer?
Yes
31
How does chronic inflammation increase the risk of cancer?
Due to increased release of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2)
32
If a cancer patient is suffering from cachexia and anorexia what does this mean?
Severe tissue wasting and loss of appetite
33
What is a carcinoma?
Cancer of skin or epithelial tissue
34
Which statement best describes hypoxia?
Insufficient oxygen at the tissues or cells
35
Is myocardial ischaemia a risk factor for developing cancer?
No
36
More Australian females joy of lung cancer then breast cancer is this true or false?
True
37
The components of the immune system which mainly contribute to the removal of cancer cells include what?
Natural killer cells causing lysis of cancer cells
38
What is necessary for the production of normal cells during eruthropoiesis?
Iron Vitamin B12 Folic acid
39
If a patient has B+ blood and needs a blood transfusion, which of the following blood types are safe to receive?
B- O+ O-
40
In haematology what is a haemocytoblast?
Stem cell for producing white blood cells and red blood cells
41
Is enhanced protection from viruses and bacteria associated with leukaemia?
No
42
1.............detected by 2............ Erythropoietin is secreted by 3.............. Red blood cells are produced by 4.............
1. Hypoxia 2. Kidney 3. Kidney 4. Bone marrow
43
Is lymphoma a common childhood cancer?
No
44
What are some characteristics of lymphoma?
Lymphoma is excessive production of abnormal lymphocytes. It is characterised by lymphadenopathy It mainly affects people aged 50+
45
What is aspirin commonly used for in patient at risk of cardiovascular disease?
It inhibits platelet plug formation
46
Heparin inactivates clotting factors where is it released from?
Intact endothelial cells
47
The process of blood coagulation requires what?
Calcium Factor X Fibrinogen
48
How is immobility a risk for the development of deep-vein thrombosis?
Abnormality of bloodflow
49
Redness, pain, swelling and inflammation in the calf is usually caused by what?
Deep-vein thrombosis
50
What helps in the defence from pathogens for the respiratory tract?
Tonsils Mucociliary escalator Cough
51
An increase in the production of mucus may cause what?
Increased airway resistance
52
What is released to help stimulate Bronchodilation?
Adrenaline
53
What is the normal blood gas value for systemic arterial blood?
PaO2 is 95mmHg
54
In a healthy individual at rest, ventilation and perfusion are matched to ensure that?
Alveoli with good airflow have good bloodflow
55
Increased levels of CO2 in the blood will lead to?
Hypercapnia and acidosis
56
What is the most important chemical responsible for stimulating increased breathing?
CO2
57
In respiratory physiology what is elastic recoil?
Tendency of lungs to return to resting state after inspiration
58
Respiratory distress syndrome is mainly associated with what?
Insufficient surfactant and premature birth
59
During obstructive sleep apnoea, patients experience what?
Closing of the pharynx during sleep and stopping breathing during sleep.
60
Why do people suffer from many colds?
Cold viruses mutate quickly are many subtypes
61
Why are anticholinergics used to treat patients with respiratory distress?
Anticholinergics inhibit the affects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
62
What is obstructive lung disease characterised by?
Difficulty expiring air and ventilation perfusion mismatch.
63
Allergic asthma includes what?
IgE and Mast cells Histamine Bronchoconstriction (broncospasm)
64
In an emergency treating an asthmatic with adrenaline causes what?
Broncodilation
65
Be patient with emphysema is likely to?
Have large it pockets with in the lungs. Have lost elastic fibres from the lungs. Experience dyspnoea.
66
Common clinical features for a patient with emphysema include?
Barrel chest and dyspnoea
67
COPD consists of?
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
68
Chronic bronchitis produces what?
Excess mucus
69
Which is the most aggressive form of lung cancer?
Small cell carcinoma
70
Diuretic medications are usually considered for which conditions?
Heart failure Hypertension Pulmonary Oedema
71
Which conditions can risk developing polycythaemia?
COPD heart failure High altitude
72
After suffering from sudden, major haemorrhage, patients may experience what?
* Vasoconstriction * Post haemorrhagic anaemia * Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
73
What is aspirin used for?
* Prevent production of Cox2 * prevent cancer * prevent platelet plug formation
74
Causes of thrombocytopenia include what?
* Chemotherapy * Disseminated intravascular coagulation * Leukaemia
75
An obese patient with diabetes mellitus has been diagnosed with atherosclerosis in the left main coronary artery what should the patient avoid eating?
Simple sugars
76
Patient with heart failure is likely to experience low or high urinary volume?
Low
77
What can pulmonary embolisms result from?
Long haul flight Hypertension Deep-vein thrombosis
78
Atherosclerosis and deep vein thrombosis associated with what?
Endothelial cell dysfunction
79
A patient with COPD may progress to having.....?
Right sided heart failure
80
Oedema is a complication in which conditions?
Left heart failure Hypertension Cancer

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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