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Bioscience 2 > Bio Revision Questions > Flashcards

Bio Revision Questions Flashcards

1
Q

During the process of catabolism what occurs?

A

Large molecules are broken down

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2
Q

name something that is not a cause of swelling during acute inflammation?

A

Vasoconstriction

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3
Q

The main differences between short-term and long-term stress are that long-term stress has…..

A

Significant links to disease, but short-term stress does not.
Is mainly mediated by cortisol, but short-term stress is not.

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4
Q

Does necrosis cause inflammation?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Which mechanisms will increase cardiac contractility?

A
  • Increasing intracellular calcium in the heart muscles.
  • The effects of adrenaline on b1-receptors on the heart.
  • The effects of the drug digoxin.
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6
Q

When adrenaline binds to b2-receptors it causes?

A

Vasodilation

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7
Q

During exercise will increased afterload occur?

A

No

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8
Q

In the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system what does aldosterone promote?

A

Sodium and water reabsorption

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9
Q

Macrophages worsen atherosclerosis because they…..

A

Become foam cells

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10
Q

Will a person experience chest pain with angina pectoris?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Why is the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activated with heart failure?

A

Due to insufficient blood flow to the kidneys

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12
Q

Why is digoxin used in management of heart failure?

A

To increase cardiac contractility

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13
Q

Heart cells that suffer from 30 minutes of ischaemia will have what occur?

A
  • insufficient ATP
  • release cardiac troponins
  • undergo necrosis
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14
Q

How does failure of one side of the heart lead to failure of the other side of the heart?

A

The backward effects of left-sided failure lead to right-sided failure

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15
Q

Glucose uptake into muscle cells involves what?

A

The transport of glucose through GLUT4 transporters in the cell membrane

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16
Q

Name three clinical manifestations seen early in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

A

Polyuria
Glycosuria
Polydipsia

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17
Q

If a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus suffers from hypoglycaemia, this is most likely due to what?

A

Excessive insulin medication

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18
Q

What is glycated haemoglobin?

A

An indicator of the blood glucose level in the past 120 days

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19
Q

What dietary choices should patients with diabetes mellitus follow?

A

Both type 1 and type 2 should eat complex carbohydrates

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20
Q

The management of type two diabetes mellitus is…..

A

Important to delay the development of long-term complications.
Involves good glycaemic control.
Involves monitoring of glycated haemoglobin.
Involves limiting saturated fat simple carbohydrates and alcohol intake.

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21
Q

Diabetics may suffer from either acute or chrinic complications, does this refer to type 1 or type 2 diabetic’s?

A

Both

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22
Q

Do adipose cells secrete leptin?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Combining BMI and waiste circumference measurement indicates long-term health risks of obesity because?

A

Visceral abdominal fat is the best predictor of obesity related health risks

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24
Q

Increased abdominal fat causes which hormonal abnormality?

A

Insulin resistance

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25
Q

Is hypotension commonly associated with obesity?

A

No.

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26
Q

Why is the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome useful?

A

It can indicate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease

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27
Q

Increased oncogene activity increases the risk of what?

A

Cancer

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28
Q

The development of cancer usually involves what?

A

Angiogenesis, which is the growth of new blood vessels

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29
Q

Chemotherapy targets the cancer cells because?

A

The cancer cells are rapidly dividing

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30
Q

Will avoiding ionising radiation help decrease the risk of cancer?

A

Yes

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31
Q

How does chronic inflammation increase the risk of cancer?

A

Due to increased release of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2)

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32
Q

If a cancer patient is suffering from cachexia and anorexia what does this mean?

A

Severe tissue wasting and loss of appetite

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33
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Cancer of skin or epithelial tissue

34
Q

Which statement best describes hypoxia?

A

Insufficient oxygen at the tissues or cells

35
Q

Is myocardial ischaemia a risk factor for developing cancer?

A

No

36
Q

More Australian females joy of lung cancer then breast cancer is this true or false?

A

True

37
Q

The components of the immune system which mainly contribute to the removal of cancer cells include what?

A

Natural killer cells causing lysis of cancer cells

38
Q

What is necessary for the production of normal cells during eruthropoiesis?

A

Iron
Vitamin B12
Folic acid

39
Q

If a patient has B+ blood and needs a blood transfusion, which of the following blood types are safe to receive?

A

B-
O+
O-

40
Q

In haematology what is a haemocytoblast?

A

Stem cell for producing white blood cells and red blood cells

41
Q

Is enhanced protection from viruses and bacteria associated with leukaemia?

A

No

42
Q

1………….detected by 2………… Erythropoietin is secreted by 3………….. Red blood cells are produced by 4………….

A
  1. Hypoxia
  2. Kidney
  3. Kidney
  4. Bone marrow
43
Q

Is lymphoma a common childhood cancer?

A

No

44
Q

What are some characteristics of lymphoma?

A

Lymphoma is excessive production of abnormal lymphocytes.
It is characterised by lymphadenopathy
It mainly affects people aged 50+

45
Q

What is aspirin commonly used for in patient at risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

It inhibits platelet plug formation

46
Q

Heparin inactivates clotting factors where is it released from?

A

Intact endothelial cells

47
Q

The process of blood coagulation requires what?

A

Calcium
Factor X
Fibrinogen

48
Q

How is immobility a risk for the development of deep-vein thrombosis?

A

Abnormality of bloodflow

49
Q

Redness, pain, swelling and inflammation in the calf is usually caused by what?

A

Deep-vein thrombosis

50
Q

What helps in the defence from pathogens for the respiratory tract?

A

Tonsils
Mucociliary escalator
Cough

51
Q

An increase in the production of mucus may cause what?

A

Increased airway resistance

52
Q

What is released to help stimulate Bronchodilation?

A

Adrenaline

53
Q

What is the normal blood gas value for systemic arterial blood?

A

PaO2 is 95mmHg

54
Q

In a healthy individual at rest, ventilation and perfusion are matched to ensure that?

A

Alveoli with good airflow have good bloodflow

55
Q

Increased levels of CO2 in the blood will lead to?

A

Hypercapnia and acidosis

56
Q

What is the most important chemical responsible for stimulating increased breathing?

A

CO2

57
Q

In respiratory physiology what is elastic recoil?

A

Tendency of lungs to return to resting state after inspiration

58
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome is mainly associated with what?

A

Insufficient surfactant and premature birth

59
Q

During obstructive sleep apnoea, patients experience what?

A

Closing of the pharynx during sleep and stopping breathing during sleep.

60
Q

Why do people suffer from many colds?

A

Cold viruses mutate quickly are many subtypes

61
Q

Why are anticholinergics used to treat patients with respiratory distress?

A

Anticholinergics inhibit the affects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

62
Q

What is obstructive lung disease characterised by?

A

Difficulty expiring air and ventilation perfusion mismatch.

63
Q

Allergic asthma includes what?

A

IgE and Mast cells
Histamine
Bronchoconstriction (broncospasm)

64
Q

In an emergency treating an asthmatic with adrenaline causes what?

A

Broncodilation

65
Q

Be patient with emphysema is likely to?

A

Have large it pockets with in the lungs.
Have lost elastic fibres from the lungs.
Experience dyspnoea.

66
Q

Common clinical features for a patient with emphysema include?

A

Barrel chest and dyspnoea

67
Q

COPD consists of?

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

68
Q

Chronic bronchitis produces what?

A

Excess mucus

69
Q

Which is the most aggressive form of lung cancer?

A

Small cell carcinoma

70
Q

Diuretic medications are usually considered for which conditions?

A

Heart failure
Hypertension
Pulmonary Oedema

71
Q

Which conditions can risk developing polycythaemia?

A

COPD
heart failure
High altitude

72
Q

After suffering from sudden, major haemorrhage, patients may experience what?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Post haemorrhagic anaemia
  • Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
73
Q

What is aspirin used for?

A
  • Prevent production of Cox2
  • prevent cancer
  • prevent platelet plug formation
74
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia include what?

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation
  • Leukaemia
75
Q

An obese patient with diabetes mellitus has been diagnosed with atherosclerosis in the left main coronary artery what should the patient avoid eating?

A

Simple sugars

76
Q

Patient with heart failure is likely to experience low or high urinary volume?

A

Low

77
Q

What can pulmonary embolisms result from?

A

Long haul flight
Hypertension
Deep-vein thrombosis

78
Q

Atherosclerosis and deep vein thrombosis associated with what?

A

Endothelial cell dysfunction

79
Q

A patient with COPD may progress to having…..?

A

Right sided heart failure

80
Q

Oedema is a complication in which conditions?

A

Left heart failure
Hypertension
Cancer

Bioscience 2 (9 decks)

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