Cancer Flashcards
What cells in the body can Cancer originate from?
Almost any cell in the body.
A diverse group of diseases in which some of the body’s cells become defective and multiply out of control is known as…..
Cancer
Cells which are damaged , aged, or are no longer needed undergo…….
Apoptosis
The orderly cellular process which causes the cell to shrink, condense and disassemble is known as……..
Apoptosis
During the normal cell cycle, there are two main stages from cell formation to cell reproduction.
What are they?
- Interphase
2. Mitotic phase
What occurs during Interphase of the cell cycle?
G1-(Gap 1) main phase, active growth and production of proteins.
S- (Synthesis) DNA is replicated.
G2- (Gap 2) proteins and enzymes needed for cell division are produced.
What occurs during the Mitotic phase of the cell cycle?
Mitosis: division of nucleus to form two identical daughter cells.
During the cell cycle, ‘Checkpoints’ are reached. What are the two checkpoints called?
G1/S checkpoint
G2/M checkpoint
What occurs at G1/S checkpoint?
Cell cycle progresses into S phase only if; Fully prepared to complete cycle and, DNA damage has been repaired.
What occurs at G2/M checkpoint?
Cell cycle progresses into M phase only if; DNA replication is completed and, chromosomes are intact.
A _________ (neoplasm) is a mass or growth which can arise from normal tissue.
Tumour
_______ ________ are non-invasive and do not spread.
Benign Tumours
________ _________ have the capacity to invade and infiltrate surrounding tissue, so extend beyond the tissue of origin and can metastasise or spread to other sites.
Malignant Tumours
Benign tumours are composed of _____ ___________ cells (mature cells that resemble the tissue of origin).
Well differentiated.
Malignant tumours are _______________. (the cells lack the ability to undertake mature cellular function, as they are ‘immature’).
Undifferentiated.
Benign tumours have ______ growth and Malignant tumours usually have ______ growth.
Slow
Rapid
A main difference between benign and malignant tumours is the presence/lack of a capsule. Describe the capsule status of each tumour.
Benign tumours have a well defined capsule and malignant tumours lack a capsule.
Can benign tumours metastasise?
No, only malignant tumours metastasise.
Carcinomas arise from _______ and ________ tissues, such as hepatocellular carcinoma.
Endothelial and Epithelial
Sarcomas arise from _______ tissues, such as osteogenic sarcoma.
Connective.
A benign tumour arising from the glandular or ductal epithelium is known as _______.
Adenoma
Describe Cancer
Cancer is a chronic disease, characterised by the uncontrolled, unregulated and uncoordinated proliferation of cells; with the ability to metastasise or spread.
Cancer arises to due _______ ________ (damage to DNA).
Genetic mutations.
Cancer’s likely cause is due to _______ and _________ factors, and less likely can be due to inheritance of _______ ______.
Lifestyle and Environmental factors.
Mutated genes.
Carcinogens causes______ _______, which causes _______.
Genetic mutations.
Cancer.
Inheritance of mutated genes only occurs in _____ % of cancer cases.
5
Cancer cells may stimulate their own growth by:
- Secreting growth factors.
2. Increasing number of growth factor receptors.
Our bodies have normal regulatory genes, such as Proto-oncogenes and Tumour suppressor genes (eg. p53 gene). What are their roles?
Proto-oncogenes regulate cell growth and division.
Tumour Suppressor genes slow down proliferation and direct cell repair when DNA is damaged.
What is the role of Caretaker genes?
Help repair DNA and induce Apoptosis when repair not completed.
Outcomes triggered by p53 activation on cells include…….
Cell cycle arrest
DNA repair
Apoptosis
Senescence (old age of the cell)
During mutations to regulatory genes, Proto-oncogenes become _____ _______ which ………
Active oncogenes which promote cell differentiation and tumour growth! (in other words, these go faulty and say….. Grow everything! Healthy or not!!) 😳
During mutations to regulatory genes, Tumour suppressor genes become _______ ______.
What happens then?
Inactive Tumour Suppressor genes.
They lose their normal ‘brake’ on cell proliferation and allow tumour growth.
When other regulatory genes mutate (eg. Caretaker genes), what happens?
Apoptosis does not occur.
Damaged genes are not repaired.
Cancer cells _____ and ______ independently of normal cell controls.
Grow and multiply
(All the usual mechanisms that say… Slow down! Make sure it’s all correct… Are not working).
Cancer growths have the ability to undertake Angiogenesis.
What is this?
Formation of new blood vessels.
Specifically to grow cancer bigger!!!
The ability of cancer to spread to other distant tissues or organs is known as ______.
Metastasis
During cancer growth, the cells have an increased nucleus size and an increase in Mitotic activity (cell division).
True or False?
True!!
Angiogenesis mainly occurs in more ________ _______. The tumour develops it’s own _______ ______.
Advanced tumours.
Blood supply.