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State Study > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is asthma?

A

A condition in which a person’s airways become inflamed, narrow & swell + produces mucus making it difficult to breathWh

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2
Q

What is the pathophysiology of asthma?

A

When mast cells are activated, it releases several chemicals called mediators. These chemicals perpetuate the inflammatory response, causing an increase of blood flow, vasoconstriction, fluid leak from the vasculature, the attraction of WBC t o the area & bronchoconstriction. Due to allergens this results in release of mediators from mast cells that directly contract the airway. As asthma becomes more persistent, the inflammation progresses & the other factors may be involved in airway limitation

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3
Q

What are the S&S of asthma?

A
  • cough
  • dyspnoea = general tightness in chest
  • wheezing = expiration
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4
Q

What is the cause of asthma?

A
  • allergy
  • chronic exposure to airway irritants
  • exercise
  • stress/emotional upset
  • medications
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5
Q

What are the risk factors of asthma?

A
  • family hx
  • allergies
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • viral respiratory infection
  • occupational exposures
  • air pollution
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6
Q

What is peak flow monitoring & what are normal values for men + women?

A

Peak flow measures the highest airflow during a forced expiration & should be done before + after taking meds as it shows whether they are working or not

Men = 100L/min. Women = 85 L/min

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7
Q

What are the medications for asthma?

A
  • bronchodilator
  • steroid
  • anti-inflammatory
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8
Q

What is the nursing management of asthma?

A
  • administer/enc medications
  • treat cause/prevent another attack
  • inhaler + meds education
  • action plan
  • annual flu vaccine
  • CXR
  • assess vitals + resp assessment
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9
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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10
Q

What is COPD?

A

Disease state characterised by airflow limitation that is cannot be reveresed

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11
Q

What are the 2 classifications of COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis + emphysema

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12
Q

What is the clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?

A

Daily productive cough for/> than 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years

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13
Q

What are symptoms of “blue bloaters” (chronic bronchitis)

A
  • overweight + cyanotic
  • increase hemoglobin
  • peripheral oedema
  • rhonchi + wheezing
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14
Q

How does chronic bronchitis happen?

A

pollutants/allergens irritate airway & lead to production of sputum by mucus-secreting glands & goblet cells

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15
Q

What is the pathological diagnosis of emphysema?

A

Permanent enlargement & destruction of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of pink puffer? (emphysema)

A
  • older & thin
  • severe dyspnoea
  • quiet chest
  • tachy
  • pink in colour
  • barrel chest
  • low diaphragm
17
Q

How does emphysema happen?

A

Impaired CO2 & O2 exchange, the exchange results from the destruction of the walls of overdistended alveoli

18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of COPD?

A

inflammation of the airways causes change and norrws the airways. Number of goblet cells & enlarged submucosal glands increases causing hypersecretion of mucus. Scar formation + wall destruction occurs = narrowing + loss of elasticity. Chronic inflammation affects pulmonary vasculature & causes thickening of the vessel lining & hypertrophy of smooth muscle

19
Q

What are the S&S of COPD?

A
  • chronic & progressive dyspnoea
  • cough
  • sputum production
  • wheezing + chest tightness
  • fatigue
  • weight loss/anorexia
  • rib fractures
  • ankle swelling
  • depression + anxiety
20
Q

What are host risk factors of COPD?

A
  • genes
  • childhood respiratory infection
  • immune hyperactivity
  • familial aggregation
  • socioeconomic status
  • age/race/sex
21
Q

What are environmental risk factors of COPD?

A
  • tobacco smoking
  • heavy exposure to occupational dusts + chemicals
  • air pollution
22
Q

What are the nursing interventions for someone with COPD?

A
  • vital obs = SpO2 88-92% & high RR
  • administer meds + O2
  • enc effective coughing or suction to remove any secretions
  • position pt (HOBE)
23
Q

What is the medication/management of COPD?

A
  • stop smoking
  • bronchodilators & expectorants
  • check MDI technique (include spacer)
  • physiotherapy
  • teach early recognition of infection
  • annual flu vaccine
  • steroids/BiPAP for severe exacerbation
  • ?O2 therapy
24
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Acute inflammation of the LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT + it’s an inflammatory process

25
Q

What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?

A

Occurs when a breakdown in your body’s natural defences allows germs to invade & multiply within the lungs.
To destroy attacking organisms, WBC rapidly accumulate.
Along w/ bacteria + fungi, they fill alveoli (air sacs) in lungs.
Toxins are released
Full scale inflammatory & immune response = damaging side effects

26
Q

What are the S&S of pneumonia?

A
  • cough w/ sputum
  • SOB
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • hemoptysis
  • febrile + chills
  • clammy/blue
  • loss of appetie
  • fatigue/aches
  • joint pain
  • n+v
  • tachycardia
  • hypotension
  • headaches + moodswings
27
Q

What are the risk factors for pneumonia?

A
  • elderly/very young
  • altered conscious level
  • malnutrition
  • tracheal intubation
  • air pollution
  • bed rest/prolonged immobility
  • chronic disease
  • immunodepression
  • smoking
  • upper respiratory tract infection
  • NG feeds
28
Q

What are the nursing interventions for a patient with pneumonia?

A
  • enc. coughing + deep breathing
  • administer meds + O2
  • monitor for skin break down (nose + mouth)
  • enc. fluid + calorie intake
  • high fowlers position
  • vital signs: increased RR + HR
29
Q

What is the medical management of pneumonia?

A
  • abx (broad spectrum) e.g. penicillin
  • nutritional therapy (3L/day & 6300 KJ/day)
  • symptom management
  • health promotion
30
Q

what is the prevention of pneuomina?

A

pneumococcal vaccine

31
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Presence of air in the pleural cavity that results in partial or complete collapse of the lung

32
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a pneumothorax?

A

Negative pressure is required to maintain lung function - when either pleura has been breached, air enters the pleural space - when positive pressure has entered the pleural space, the lung/portion of lung collapses

33
Q

What are the S&S of a pneumothorax?

A
  • sudden pain
  • minimal resp. distress
  • chest discomfort
  • tachypnoea
  • dyspnoea
  • decreased chest expansion
  • diminished breath sounds
34
Q

What are the risk factors/causes of pneumothorax?

A
  • rupture of bleb
  • blunt trauma
  • invasive procedures
  • penetrating chest or abdo trauma
35
Q

What are the nursing interventions for someone with pneumothorax?

A
  • occlusive dressing e.g. tegaderm
  • administer meds + O2
  • vital obs
  • heart + lung sounds
  • check ventilator
  • high fowlers position
  • emotional support
  • monitor chest tube drainage
  • monitor tubes for kinks or bubbling
36
Q

What are the meds/management of pneumothorax?

A
  • chest tube + maintain closed drainage
  • antibiotics
  • oxygen therapy
  • surgery = thoractomy

State Study (10 decks)

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