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State Study > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Liver inflammation

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2
Q

What is the pathophysiology of viral hepatitis?

A

the virus enters the body via various routes, which infect hepatocytes (liver cells).
The immune system responds to infection by activating immune cells (T cells + macrophages) - inflammation occurs in the liver as immune cells infiltrate the tissue to combat the virus
The immune response & viral replication can lead to hepatocyte injury & death

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3
Q

S&S of hepatitis?

A

often many pt are asymptomatic
or if symptoms present they are either intermittent or ongoing

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4
Q

What is hepatitis A & how do you get it?

A
  • mild/acute liver failure
  • not chronic
  • incidence decreases with vaccination
  • RNA virus transmitted via fecal-oral route
  • contaminated food/drinking water
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5
Q

What is hepatitis B & how do you get it?

A
  • acute or chronic
  • incidence decreases with vaccination
  • DNA virus transmitted = perinatally, percutaneously & via mucosal exposure to infections
  • blood & bodily fluids
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6
Q

What is Hepatitis C & how do you get it?

A
  • acute = asymptomatic
  • chronic = liver damage
  • RNA virus transmitted percutaneously
  • IV drug use (share), increase in sexual behaviour, perinatal exposure
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7
Q

What is hepatitis D & how do you get it?

A
  • defective single strand of RNA virus
  • needs HEP B to replicate
  • transmitted percutaneously (denoting passage of substances through unbroken skin)
  • no vaccine
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8
Q

What is hepatitis E & how do you get it?

A
  • RNA virus
  • transmitted via fecal-oral or drinking contaminated water
  • occurs primarily in developed countries
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9
Q

What are some risk factors for hepatitis

A
  • contaminated food + water
  • sexual contact (HEP A+B) w/ multiple partners
  • IV drugs + sharing needles
  • increase consumption of alcohol
  • working in environment where exposed to body fluids
  • autoimmune disease
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10
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Acute phase - incubation phase of hepatitis?

A
  • malaise
  • anorexia
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • n+v
  • abdo discomfort
  • joint stiffness
  • distaste for cigarettes
  • decrease sense of smell
  • headache + low grade fever
  • skin rash
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11
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of acute phase of hepatitis?

A
  • hepatomegaly
  • lymphadenopathy
  • splenomegaly
  • jaundice
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12
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of of the convalescent phase of hepatitis?

A
  • begins as jaundice leaves (weeks - months)
  • malaise + easily fatigued
  • hepatomegaly
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13
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of recovery phase of hepatitis?

A
  • homologous immunity to HAV or HBV
  • can be reinfected
  • most recover completely with no complications
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14
Q

What are the medications/management of hepatitis?

A
  • rest
  • administer B-complex vitamins
  • ascites
  • prevent bleeding/hemorrhage
  • hepatic encephalopathy
  • nutritional therapy
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15
Q

What should someone avoid if they have hepatitis?

A
  • alcohol
  • aspirin
  • paracetamol
  • NSAIDs
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16
Q

What are nursing priorities for caring someone with hepatitis?

A
  • assessment & monitoring (monitor hepatic function)
  • infection control
  • pain + symptom management
  • nutritional support
  • fluid + electrolyte imbalance
  • hepatitis vaccine
  • pt education
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17
Q

What is crohn’s disease?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease
- chronic inflammation of the lower GIT characterised by remission & exacerbations

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18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of crohn’s disease?

A

sharply demarcated grannulamotouse lesions that are surrounded by normal-appearing mucosal tissue
when multiple lesions, the adjacent mesentery may become inflamed & the regional lymph nodes & channels may enlarge
Chronic inflammation of T cells activation leads to tissue injuries

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19
Q

What are the S&S of crohn’s disease?

A
  • diarrhoea
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • abdo pain
  • fever
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20
Q

What are the risk factors for crohn’s disease?

A
  • <30yrs of age
  • family hx
  • smoking
  • NSAIDs
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21
Q

What are the nursing priorities for someone with crohn’s disease?

A
  • pain assessment
  • vital obs
  • maintain hydration
  • enc. low fiber diet
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22
Q

What medications are used for someone with crohn’s disease?

A
  • anti-inflammatory
  • corticosteroids
  • immunodulators
  • metronidazol
  • nutritional supplements
  • analgesia
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23
Q

What is the management of crohn’s disease?

A
  • meds
  • nutritional management + dietary adjustment
  • inflammation management
  • no smoking
  • stress management
  • surgery
24
Q

what do anti-inflammatory meds do for someone with crohn’s disease + example

A

Decrease inflammation in intestinal lining

Aminosalicylates

25
Q

What do corticosteroids do for someone with crohn’s disease + example

A

Rapidly decreases inflammation & major flare ups
SHORT TERM

Prednisone + budesonide

26
Q

What do immunomodulators do for someone with crohn’s disease + example

A

Modify immune system response to inflammation
Maintains remission

Azathioprine + Methtrexale

27
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Inflammatory Bowel Disease
chronic inflammation of large bowel primarily affecting the colon

28
Q

What is the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis?

A

inflammation & ulceration of mucosal lining of colon
the immune system mistakenly attacks gut lining

29
Q

What are the S&S of ulcerative colitis?

A
  • bloody stools
  • diarrhoea
  • rectal bleeding
  • abdo pain
30
Q

What are the risk factors of ulcerative colitis?

A
  • family hx
  • early adulthood
  • high sugar + fat diet
  • stress
  • immune system abnormalities
  • smoking
  • prior GI infections
  • appendectomy
31
Q

What are the nursing priorities for someone with ulcerative colitis?

A
  • administer meds
  • treat/manage pain + symptoms
  • observe stool frequently
  • bowel chart
  • daily weight
  • vitals
  • administer fluid + blood as prescribed
32
Q

What medications are used for someone with ulcerative colitis?

A
  • aminosalicylates
  • corticosteroids
  • immunosuppressants
  • antibioitics
  • stool softeners
33
Q

What management can be done for someone with ulcerative colitis?

A
  • meds
  • dietary & lifestyle changes
  • surgery
34
Q

What dietary & lifestyle changes can be done for someone with ulcerative colitis?

A
  • fiber supplements
  • hydration
  • stress management
  • regular exercise
35
Q

What do aminosalicylates do for someone with ulcerative colitis + example

A

Decrease inflammation in colon & manage mild-moderate symptoms

Mesalamine & Sulfasalazine

36
Q

What do immunosuppressants do for someone with ulcerative colitis + example

A

suppress immune systems over-reactive response & maintain remission

Azathioprine

37
Q

What is a bowel obstruction?

A

When food + liquid + gas can’t move through the intestines

38
Q

What is a partial bowel obstruction?

A

Can be resolved in conservative treatment

39
Q

What is a complete bowel obstruction?

A

Requires surgery

40
Q

What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?

A

Detectable occlusion of intestinal lumen
most often small bowel

41
Q

what is the most common cause of a mechanical bowel obstruction?

A

Surgical adhesions

42
Q

What is a non-mechanical bowel obstruction?

A

Result of a neuromuscular or vascular disorder

43
Q

What is the most common cause of a non-mechanical bowel obstruction?

A

Paralytic Ileus (after surgery)

44
Q

What are the S&S of a bowel obstruction in the small intestines

A
  • rapid onset
  • frequent vomiting
  • cramps/intermittent pain
  • feces for short time
  • great increase distention
45
Q

What are the S&S of a bowel obstruction in the large intestines

A
  • gradual onset
  • no vomiting
  • low grade pain/cramps
  • acute constipation
  • increase distention
46
Q

What are the risk factors of a bowel obstruction?

A
  • abdo surgery
  • diverticulitis
  • cancer
  • IBD
  • swallowed foreign objects
  • chronic constipation
47
Q

What is the nursing management of a bowel obstruction?

A
  • vital signs
  • monitor fluid input + output
  • pain assessment + analgesia
  • oral & nasal cares
  • assess drip, NGT drainage & bowel sounds
  • monitor nutritional status
48
Q

What to look out for when someone has a bowel obstruction?

A
  • hypotension
  • hypovolemic shock
  • septic shock
49
Q

What is the treatment of a bowel obstruction?

A
  • IVF
  • analgesia
  • abx
  • surgery
50
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

A condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus, causing pain

51
Q

What is the pathophysiology of appendicitis - obstruction/inflammation/pain/pus formation?

A
  • appendix becomes inflamed & edematous as a result of becoming kinked or occluded
  • inflammatory process increases intraluminal pressure, initiating progressively severe, generalised, or periumbilical pain
  • pain becomes localised to the RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT of abdo within a few hrs
  • eventually inflamed appendix fills with pus
52
Q

What are the risk factors of appendicitis?

A
  • high carb & low fiber diets
  • genetics
  • GI infections
  • IBD
53
Q

What are the S&S of appendicitis?

A
  • low grade fever
  • anorexia
  • tachycardia
  • fetal position decreases pain
  • RLQ tenderness
  • diarrhoea/constipation
  • abdo pain
54
Q

What are the nursing interventions of appendicitis?-

A
  • pre & post op cares
  • monitor vital signs + pain level
  • fluid balance
  • administer medications
  • auscultate for bowel sound changes
55
Q

What are the medications + management of appendicitis?

A
  • IVF
  • analgesia
  • abx
  • surgery

State Study (10 decks)

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