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State Study > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

Straight across the bone at 90 degree angle due to traumatic event

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2
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Disruption or break in continuity of structure of bone

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3
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

Spirals around the bone
Usually long bones - twisting from sport or physical assault

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4
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

Diagonally across the bone

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5
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Has 3 or more bone fragments

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6
Q

What is a segmental fracture?

A

some bone is fractured in 2 places leaving a floating segment of bone

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7
Q

what is a buckle fracture?

A

fracture of the shaft of a long bone that is characterised by bulging of cortex

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8
Q

what is a greenstick fracture?

A

fracture on one side of the bone, causing a bend in the other side

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9
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

hairline/tiny crack often from overuse

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10
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

tendon or ligament pulls of a fragment of bone

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11
Q

What are the S&S of fractures?

A
  • localised pain + tenderness
  • swelling + bruising
  • decreased function
  • NWB or WBAT
  • guard against movement
  • ?deformity
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12
Q

What are the risk factors for fractures?

A
  • elderly
  • previous hx of fractures
  • smoker
  • low body weight
  • excessive alcohol consumption
  • medical diseases
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13
Q

What is the 1st stage of fracture healing?
(Fracture Hematoma & Inflammation)

A

Bleeding creates hematoma & inflammatory process begins

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14
Q

What is the 2nd stage of fracture healing?
(Granulation Tissue)

A

Phagocytosis of dead tissue & organisation of hematoma into fibrous network
granulation tissue consists of new blood vessels, fibroblasts + osteoblasts
(produces basis of new bone = osteoid)

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15
Q

What is the 3rd stage of fracture healing?
(Callus formation)

A

chondroblasts & osteoblasts start to form collagen
callus primarily made of cartilage, osteoblasts, calcium & phosphorus (soft callus)

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16
Q

What is the 4th stage of fracture healing?
(Callus Ossification)

A

Cartilaginous callus is reabsorbed & begins to calcify
osteoblast cells create new bone, adding mineral stop make it hard, new bone is built up (hard callus)

17
Q

What is the 5th stage of fracture healing?
(Consolidation)

A

Distance b/w bone fragments diminishes & eventually closes
ossification continues

18
Q

What is the 6th stage of fracture healing?
(Remodeling)

A

Excess bone tissue reabsorbed by osteoclasts & union completes
strength gradually returns

19
Q

What are the nursing responsibilities of fractures?

A
  • pain management
  • neuro obs
  • risk assessment
  • pre/post op management
  • wound + cast management
  • falls risk
  • NWB + WBAT
  • Help with ADLs
  • MDT input
  • Pt education
20
Q

What is the mangement of fractures?

A
  • buddy strapping
  • moon boot
  • splint
  • square toe shoe
  • closed reduction
  • ORIF
  • external fixation
21
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Swelling & increase of pressure with a confined compartment most commonly due to trauma or external compression e.g. cast

22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of compartment syndrome?

A

arterial blood flow compromised - ischemia - cell death - tissue not viable - can loose limb

23
Q

What are the S&S of compartment syndrome

A
  • pain
  • pressure
  • paresthesia
  • pallor
  • paralysis
  • pulselessness
24
Q

What is the treatment of compartment syndrome

A

Fasciectomy

25
Q

What is the signs someone needs a joint replacement?

A
  • pain
  • decreased movement/function
  • decreased QOL
26
Q

What is the post op nursing management of joint replacement?

A
  • stable post op
  • pain management
  • DVT prevention
  • neurovascular assessment
  • abx
  • risk = constipation + pressure areas
  • MDT input
27
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Degenerative disease, worsens over time = chronic joint pain

28
Q

What is the cause of osteoarthritis

A

mechanical wear & tear on the joints

29
Q

What are the risk factors of osteoarthritis

A
  • elderly
  • women
  • obesity
  • joint injuries
  • repeated stress on joint
  • genetics
  • bone deformities
30
Q

What are the S&S of osteoarthritis?

A
  • joint stiffness [sitting down/early morning/periods of rest]
  • overactivity increases joint stiffness
  • asymmetrical joints
  • creaking
  • deformity
31
Q

What is the nursing management of osteoarthritis?

A
  • health promotion + pt education
  • out pt management
  • health assessment
  • enc. non-drug intervention
  • maintain joint function
32
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease that the bodies own immune system attacks the bodies joints

33
Q

What is the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis

A

inflammation of connective tissue in diarthrodial (synovial) joints

34
Q

What are the risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • age/sex
  • genetics
  • smoking
  • obesity
35
Q

What are the S&S of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • insidious onset
  • fatigue/anorexia/weight loss/stiffness
  • specific articular involvement (pain, red, swelling, decreased movements, inflammation)
  • symmetrical symptoms
  • SMALL JOINTS
36
Q

What is the nursing management of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • health promotion
  • comprehensive programme = balance rest + activity/joint protection/heat + cold application/exercise
  • ambulatory + home care
37
Q

What medications are used for rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • abx
  • immunosuppressants
  • penicillamine
  • corticosteroid therapy
  • NSAIDs & salicylates

State Study (10 decks)

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