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State Study > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors for stroke? (4)

A
  • smoking
  • diabetes
  • HTN
  • Atrial fibrilation
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1
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Neurological deficit caused by lack of blood flow to the brain

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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of stroke?

A

Ischaemic & hemorrhagic

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3
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke?

A

blockage cuts off blood supply to parts of the brain killing brain cells - < dramatic & ~87% of stroke cases

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4
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

blood vessel in brain ruptures & bleeds = LIFE THREATENING

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5
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Transient ischemic attack
- temporary clot that resolves on own
- warning sign of stroke

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6
Q

What does FAST stand for?

A

Facial weakness
Arm weakness
Speech problems
Time to call 111

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7
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of a stroke?

A
  • muscle weakness on 1 side of body
  • impaired balance/coordiantion (ataxia)
  • loss of senses
  • visual loss or double vision
  • difficulty swallowing
  • slurred speech
  • abnormal voice
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8
Q

What are the nursing interventions for someone who has had a stroke?

A
  • assess mental status + LOC?
  • neuro obs
  • monitor pupils (changes in size)
  • vital signs
  • patent airway
  • assess speech, memory & cogmotopm
  • low stimuli environment
  • HOBE
  • prevent constipation
  • observe any mood changes
  • DVT prophylaxis
  • watch for seizure
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9
Q

What are the medications used for someone who has had a stroke?

A
  • antihypertensives (e.g. cilazopril)
  • antiplatelets (e.g. clopidogrel)
  • lipid-lowering drugs (-statins)
  • anticoagulation (e.g. warfarin, dabigatran)
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10
Q

What is a seizure?

A

Abnormal, sudden electrical activity in the brain

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11
Q

What are some risk factors for seizures? (7)

A
  • genetics
  • head injury
  • metabolic disturbances
  • stroke/cerebro-vascular disorder
  • toxic causes
  • infections
  • tumours & space-occupying lesions
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12
Q

what are 2 forms of seizures & what do they mean

A

Partial seizures = focal or discreet area of the brain
Generalised seizures = larger area of the brain often both hemispheres

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13
Q

What is a Simple Partial Seizure?

A

doesn’t affect awareness - no LOC

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14
Q

What is a Complex Partial Seizure?

A

consciousness is altered
lip smacking/fidgeting

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15
Q

What is a Secondary Generalised Seizure?

A

begin in one part of the brain, but then spread to both sides of the brain evolves into a tonic-clonic seizure

16
Q

What is a tonic-clonic seizure?

A

yell/cry
abrupt fall to ground
generalised jerking
drooling/tongue biting/incontinence

17
Q

What is a myoclonic seizure?

A

brief jerking movement - may be suttle or dramatic

18
Q

What is a clonic seizure?

A

clonic jerking - asymmetrical
most frequently in neonates, infants or young children

19
Q

What is an absence seizure

A

brief LOC
lasts 5-10sec
frequent
eye fluttering/appears tired

20
Q

What is a tonic seizure?

A

tonic muscle contraction
altered consciousness
no clonic phase
less than 60sec
all ages

21
Q

What is an atonic seizure?

A

sudden loss postural tone
restricted (e.g. just head nodding)
short + immediate recovery
usually occurs diffuse cerebral damage
abnormal ECG

22
Q

What are the nursing interventions of a seizure?

A
  • education + support
  • medication regimes
  • first aid training for family
  • follow up w/ neurology team
  • orientate pt
  • neuro obs
23
Q

What are the management principles of seizures?

A
  • safe environment
  • reasurance
  • position (Recovery) w/ head support
  • suction as required
  • +/- oxygen therapy
  • anti-eptileptic meds
24
Q

What is a traumatic brain injury?

A

A trauma/blunt force to the head that hits the skill causing damage to the brain

25
Q

Who are HIGH RISK for a TBI?

A

falls risk
babies/young children + older adults
under the influence
young adults
males

26
Q

What are the S&S of a TBI?

A

confusion
agitation
visible head injury
sleepy
blown pupils

27
Q

What are the nursing interventions for someone with a TBI?

A
  • monitor for complications of a head injury
  • treat wounds + assess
  • pain relief
  • pt education
  • baseline obs
  • ABC’s
  • fluids + nutrition
  • oral cares
  • neuro obs
  • limb exercise + pressure sore prevention
28
Q

What is the management of a TBI?

A

usually none
sometimes surgery to relive pressure in the brain

29
Q

What are the 2 categories of TBI?

A

coup (focal) injury + contra-coup

30
Q

What is coup (focal) injury

A

injury localised to site of impact

31
Q

What is a contra-coup injury?

A

injury directly opposite to point of impact
brain moves in the skull = bruising back + front of brain

State Study (10 decks)

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