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State Study > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease?

A

Narrowing/obstruction of the coronary arteries, struggling to send enough blood, oxygen & nutrients to the heart muscle due to atherosclerosis

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2
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of coronary artery disease?

A

Often no noticable symptoms = early stage
- angina
- fullness/pressure
- fatigue

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3
Q

What are non-modifiable risk factors of coronary artery disease?

A
  • family hx
  • sex
  • age
  • ethnicity
  • diabetes
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4
Q

What are modifiable risk factors of coronary artery disease?

A
  • diabetes
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • dyslipidemia
  • HTN
  • inactivtiy
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5
Q

What are the nursing interventions of coronary artery disease?

A
  • educate about low calorie/fat + high fiber diet
  • 20-30mins exercise a day
  • meds to lower cholesterol & BP
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6
Q

What is acute coronary syndrome?

A

Any condition caused by a sudden reduction or blockage of blood flow to heart

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7
Q

What are some symptoms of acute coronary syndrome?

A
  • chest, neck, back, jaw, shoulder, & arm pain
  • fatigue/weakness/collapse
  • SOB
  • insomnia
  • anxiety
    “I feel like I’m going to die”
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8
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

chest pain that happens at rest (new or worsening) that’s not predictable or ‘usual’ for pt
- can persist with use of GTN
- can signal imminent MI

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9
Q

What is NSTEMI?

A

Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of involving partial blockage of one of the coronary arteries, causing reduced flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

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10
Q

What is STEMI?

A

An ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a type of heart attack that is more serious and has a greater risk of serious complications and death. It gets its name from how it mainly affects the heart’s lower chambers and changes how electrical current travels through them

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11
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

HEART ATTACK
Cardiac tissue no longer has oxygen supply which can lead to necrosis

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12
Q

Signs & Symptoms of a myocardial infarction?

A
  • chest pain/discomfort
  • SOB
  • nausea/light-headedness
  • low back, arm, neck pain
  • fear + anxiety
  • pallor/sweating (diaphoresis)
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13
Q

What are the nursing interventions for someone having a myocardial infarction?

A
  • administer O2
  • establish IV access
  • 12 lead ECG
  • administer thrombolytic therapy

Vital obs
- assess pulses
- monitor BP changes

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14
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

chronic condition in which heart doesn’t pump blood as well as it should

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15
Q

What are 2 causes of congestive heart failure?

A

primary + precipitating

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16
Q

What is a primary cause of congestive heart failure?

A

this impacts the mechanical (pumping) action of the heart muscle
e.g. MI, congenital heart defects, pulmonary hypo, large myocardium, valve disorders

  • things that mechanically impact function of the heartW
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17
Q

What is a precipitating cause of congestive heart failure?

A

increase workload of the ventricles = acute condition & decreases heart function
e.g. arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, anemic

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18
Q

What are some risk factors of congestive heart failure?

A
  • diabetes
  • smoking
  • aging
  • obesity
  • dyslipidemia
  • sedentary life style
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19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of systolic failure (CHF)?

A

occurs from the inability of the heart to pump blood effectively
cause = impaired contractility of L) ventricle
e.g. MI

20
Q

What is the pathophysiology of diastolic failure (CHF)?

A

inability of ventricles to fill & relax during diastole
high filling pressures bc of shift in ventricles
e.g. HTN

21
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of congestive heart disease?

A
  • arrhythmia = L) side of body
  • cyanosis
  • SOB
  • oedema = R) side of the body
  • deoxygenated blood in R) ventricle
  • nocturia
  • weight gain
  • tachycardia
  • mood changes
22
Q

What are the medications + treatments for congestive heart failure?

A
  • diuretics
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Beta blockers
  • anti-arrhythmic
  • anti-coagulants
  • positive inotropes
  • LVAD
  • heart transplant
23
Q

What are some nursing interventions for congestive heart failure?

A

FBC + FR
daily weight
low sodium diet
label reading advice
exercise tolerance
med. adherence
activity/rest advice
health promotion advice
care plan

24
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

An irregular, often rapid heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow

25
Q

What is the pathophysiology of AF?

A

occurs when abnormal electrical impulses suddenly start firing in atria (upper chambers of the heart)
There are no P waves on an ECG

26
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of AF?

A
  • general fatigue
  • rapid/irregular HR
  • fluttering/thumping in chest
  • SOB + anxiety
  • weakness
  • confusion
  • faint

Sometimes no symptoms are present

27
Q

What are risk factors for AF?

A
  • older age
  • HTN
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • heart failure
  • ischemic heart disease
  • hyperthyroidism
28
Q

What are the nursing interventions for AF?-

A

ECG
Vital Obs
cardiac monitor
administer meds + anticoagulants
check neuro obs

29
Q

what are the medications used for AF?

A
  • beta blockers
  • calcium channel blockers
  • anti-arrhythmia
  • anti-coagulants
30
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Persistent systolic BP of 140mmHg+

31
Q

What is BP?

A

BP = CO X SVR
force of blood pushing against the inner walls of arteries as heart pumps blood through body

32
Q

What is systolic BP?

A

peak of ventricular contraction

33
Q

What is diastolic BP?

A

ventricular relaxation

34
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of HTN?

A

often none until target organ disease occurs

35
Q

Target organ disease:
- coronary artery disease
- L) ventricular hypertrophy
- Cerebrovascular disease
- peripheral vascular disease
- nephrosclerosis
- retinal damage

A
  • heart attack/angina
  • heart failure
  • stroke
  • limb ischemia
  • end-stage renal failure
  • blindness
36
Q

What are risk factors for HTN?

A
  • gender/age/genetics
  • socioeconomic status
  • stress + anxiety
  • low physical activity
  • high lipid levels
  • caffeine
  • sodium
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • alcohol
  • smoking
37
Q

What is the pathophysiology of HTN?

A

one or more regulating mechanisms are defective & pressure damages vessels, increases atherosclerosis + risk of bleeding, heart is working harder then normal = heart is under strain, baroreceptors will start to adjust to new ‘normal’

38
Q

What is the nursing assessment for HTN?

A
  • hx + family hx
  • symptoms?
  • BMI
  • BP
  • cardiovascular assessment
  • neuro obs
  • urinalysis
  • lifestyle assessment
39
Q

What is nursing management for HTN?

A
  • lifestyle advice
  • health promotion
  • MDT input
40
Q

What are the medications used to treat HTN?

A
  • Ace inhibitors
  • angiotensin receptor blockers
  • beta-blockers
  • calcium channel blockers
  • direct-acting vasodilatores
  • thiazide diuretics
41
Q

ACE inhibitors - e.g. + what does it do

A

-‘pril’ = cilazapril + quinapril

decreases production of angiotensin II by inhibiting ace
increases bradykinin by inhibiting kinase II (breaks down)

42
Q

Angiotensin Receptor blockers - e.g. + what does it do

A
  • sartan/in
    e.g.candesartan + losartan

block actions of angiotensin II

43
Q

Beta Blockers - e.g. + what does it do

A
  • olol
    e.g. metoprolol +propranolol

slows HR & myocardial contractility

44
Q

Calcium channel blockers - e.g. + what does it do

A
  • ipine
    e.g. amlodipine + felodipine

relaxes/dilates blood vessels
inhibits Ca entering cells of the heart & arteries = decreases contractility

45
Q

Direct acting vasodilators - e.g. + what does it do

A

e.g. Apresoline

Dilates arterioles

46
Q

Thiazide diuretics - e.g. + what does it do

A

e.g. bendrofluazide

decreases sodium + fluid reabsorption
acts on distal convoluted tube

State Study (10 decks)

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