Respiratory

Question 1

• What is the difference between the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

Answer 1

Upper – structures outside the thoracic cavity
◦ Lower – structures inside the thoracic cavity

Question 2

Nose and nasal cavities:

Answer 2

◦ Cilia: Small hairs that filter out dust and large foreign particles
◦ Palate: Separates the nasal cavity from the mouth
◦ Septum: Separates the nasal cavity into two halves

Question 3

Conchae (turbinate bones)

Answer 3

 Projections from the lateral wall of each cavity that create passages
 Ensures that air contacts the mucous membranes on the way past so that dust can
stick to the mucus
 Moistens and warms the air

Question 4

Regions of the pharynx

Answer 4

Nasopharynx (posterior nares to the soft palate)
◦ Oropharynx (between the soft palate and the base of the tongue
◦ Laryngopharynx (connects to the esophagus)

Question 5

• Larynx

Answer 5

Epiglottis
Glottis
Superior or vestibular folds
Inferior golds or vocal cords

Question 6

• What is the trachea?

Answer 6

◦ Tube that extends from the larynx to the carina (cartilaginous ridge)

Question 7

Components of the bronchial tree

Answer 7

◦ Trachea branches into the primary (right and left bronchi) at the carina
◦ Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi that go to each lobe of the lung
◦ Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi
◦ Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles
◦ Bronchioles divide to form alveolar ducts
◦ Alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs

Question 8

• Alveoli

Answer 8

Site of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

Question 9

Surfactant:

Answer 9

◦ A fluid which coats the inside of the alveoli to reduce surface tension and keep the
alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out

Question 10

• Lobes of the right lung

Answer 10

Superior (RUL)
◦ Middle (RML)
◦ Inferior (RLL)

Question 11

• Lobes of the left lung

Answer 11

◦ Superior (LUL)
◦ Inferior (LLL)

Question 12

• Pleura

Answer 12

◦ Visceral pleura – covers the lung surface
◦ Parietal pleura – lines the thoracic cavity

Question 13

• Pleural cavity

Answer 13

◦ Space between the visceral and parietal pleura that is filled with pleural fluid

Question 14

• Which muscles are involved in inspiration?

Answer 14

◦ External intercostals – pull the ribs up and out
◦ Internal intercostals – elevate the ribs
◦ Diaphragm – contracts, flattens, and drops to enlarge the thoracic cavity

Question 15

• Which muscles are involved in expiration?

Answer 15

◦ External and internal intercostals – relax and pull the ribs down
◦ Diaphragm relaxes, reducing the size of the thoracic cavity

Question 16

• What can influence breathing?

Answer 16

◦ Low oxygen levels – chemoreceptors
◦ Hydrogen ions (low pH) – chemoreceptors
◦ Stretch receptors – signal exhalation
◦ Pain/emotion
◦ Irritants (dust, smoke)
.

Question 17

• Ventilation Measurement:

Answer 17

Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratroy reserve volume
Residual volume
Vital capactiy
Vital capacity
Total lung capacity

Question 18

◦ Tidal volume

Answer 18

 tests the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

Question 19

◦ Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 19

 tests the amount of air that can be inhaled using maximum effort after a normal inspiration

Question 20

◦ Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 20

 tests the amount of air exhaled after a normal expiration by using maximum effort

Question 21

◦ Residual volume

Answer 21

tests the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration

Question 22

Vital capacity

Answer 22

tests the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with the deepest possible
breath (tidal volume + inspiratory/expiratory reserve volumes)