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Anatomy > Cells, Tissues, Organs And Skin > Flashcards

Cells, Tissues, Organs And Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve cells

A

Long extensions allow these cells to quickly transmit electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

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2
Q

Muscle cells

A

Elongated, thread like fibers can shorten to allow body parts to move

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3
Q

Red blood cells

A

Concave shape allows these cells to bend and squeeze through tiny blood vessels

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4
Q

Gland cells

A

Intracellular sacs store and releases substances, such as hormones, enzymes, mucus and sweat

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5
Q

Immune cells

A

These cells can recognize and destroy foreign invaders (such as viruses, bacteria)

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6
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The boundary of the cell
Regulates what passes in and out of the cell
The cholesterol in the membrane provides stiffness and strength

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7
Q

Purpose of proteins in the plasma membrane

A

Channels for solutes to pass through
Receptors to specific chemical or hormones
Attached to carbohydrates to form glycoproteins which are a marker to allow the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign invaders

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double layered membrane surrounding the nucleus

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Center
Components of ribosomes are manufactured

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A gel like substance surrounding the nucleus and packed with various organelles and molecules

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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has ribosomes on it (ribosomes make proteins)
Produce proteins for the rest of the cell

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12
Q

Smooth endoplamis reticulum

A

Synthesizes lipids, and carbohydrates

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13
Q

Golgi apartus

A

Receives proteins from the ER and prepares and packages rhem for export to other parts of the body

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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

Pinches off pieces of the golgi that contain enzymes to break down proteins the cell doesn’t need so the amino acids can be “reused”
Can also destroy bacteria

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle that converts organic compounds into ATP

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16
Q

ATP

A

Storing and transferring energy in cells

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17
Q

Microvilli

A

Folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of a cell

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18
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like processes along the surface of a cell
Move mucus and foreign particles out of the lungs and Fallopian tubes

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19
Q

Flagella

A

Whip like motion that helps move a cell
(Tail of a Sperm)

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20
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of ions and other substances across cell membranes without the need of energy
Moves with the concentration gradient

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21
Q

Active transport

A

Transport process in which solutes move from areas of lesser to greater concentration
Requires energy (ATP)

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22
Q

Diffusion

A

A passive transport mechanism that involves the movement of particles from an area of high to low

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moves not the particles to reach equilibrium
A passive transport mechanism involving the diffusion of water from an area of greater concentration of water to an area of lesser concentration of water

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24
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Transport process involving diffusion of a substance through a Chanel protein

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25
Filtration
Differences in pressure causes movement of particles
26
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Exocytosis
27
Phagocytosis
Cells engulf a solid particle and brings it into the cell
28
Pinocytosis
Fluid and dissolved particles are trapped in plasma membrane and brought into the cell
29
Exocytosis
Form of vesicular transport that releases substances outside the cell
30
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
31
Main phases of protein synthesis
Transcription Translation
32
Cell cycle 
G1 Synthesis G2 Mitotic phase
33
Mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
34
Prophase (supercoiling)
Chromatin begins to coil and condense to form chromosomes Chromosomes have chromatids , each with a molecule of DNA, which join together at the centromere Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cells and the nuclear envelope disappears
35
Metaphase (middle)
Spindle fibers attatch to one side of the chromosomes at the centromere The chromosomes line up alone the center of the cell
36
Anaphase
The centromere divide, which forms two chromosomes The spindle fibers pull the new chrosmoeoms to opposite sides of the cell
37
Telophase
A new nuclear envelope develops around each set of “daughter” chromosomes The spindle fibers disappear Cytoplasm divides to form to identical “daughter” cells (cytokinesis)
38
Characteristic of epithelial cells
Continuous sheet of tightly packed cells Covers the body’s surface, lines body cavities and many of the organs Forms certain glands
39
Epithelial tissue based on shape
Squamous(flat) Cuboidal (cube) Columnar (column)
40
Ectoderm
Outer most cell. Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system (epidermis, nervous tissue)
41
Endoderm
Inner most cell. Produces mucus membrane of respiratory track, thyroid gland, secretory parts of pancreas
42
Mesoderm
Middle of cell Gives rise to connective and muscle tissue
43
Transitional epithelium
Can stretch without breaking , changes shape from cuboidal to squamous Ex. Bladder
44
Exocrine glands (outside)
Secrete into ducts that empty onto the body surface or into a body cavity Ex. Sweat glands, mammary glands, digestive glands
45
Endocrine glands (inside)
Secrete hormones directly into the blood Ex thyroid , pituitary
46
fibrous connective tissue loose
Areolar- collagen and elastin Adipose- fat cells Reticular - loose network of reticular fibers and cells
47
Fibrous tissue dense
Tendons - attach muscles to bones Ligaments - attatch bones to muscle Fascia - bind together organs and muscles
48
Regeneration
Damaged tissue cells are replaced with the same type of cell
49
Fibrsois
Damaged tissue is replace with scar tissue
50
Mucus membrane
Line surfaces that open to the exterior of the body Protects the cells in the membrane Lubricant to propel food through the digestive tract Traps dust and bacteria in the respiratory tract
51
Cutaneous membrane
Also known as the skin
52
Serous membrane
Parietal - lines the wall of a cavity Viscreal- part of the parietal membrane that folds back and covers the organ
53
Osseous tissue
Bone tissue
54
Hyaline cartilage
The most common type of cartilage , found in joints , larynx and trachea
55
Melanocytes
Cells scattered throughout the basal layer of the epidermis that secrete melanin
56
Melanin
Pigment produced by melanocytes that gives colour to the hair and skin
57
Functions of the skin
Protection Barrier Vitamin D perception Sensory perception Thermoregulation
58
Eccrine glands
Glands located throughout the body that secrete sweat directly onto the skins surface, which helps control body temperature
59
Apocrine glands
Glands located mainly in axillary and anogenital areas that secrete sweat in response to stress and sexual stimulation
60
Sebaceous gland
Produce sebum, which helps keep the skin and hair from drying out and becoming brittle
61
Ceremonious glands
Found in the external ear canal Produce cerumen (ear wax)
62
Alopecia
Excessive hair loss
63
Papilla
A cluster of connective tissue and blood vesicles at the base of the hair
64
Arrector pilli
Attached to each hair follicle is a small bundle of smooth muscle Cold temperatures or emotions such as fear will get the hair to stand up

Anatomy (9 decks)

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