Blood Flashcards
Functions of blood
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Transportation
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, hormones
Regulation
Maintains body temp
Maintains normal pH in body tissue
Protection
Controls bleeding (clotting process)
Defends from infection
Components of blood
Plasma (55%)
Formed elements (45%)
Plasma
Clear , extraceular matrix
Proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and gases
Albumin- main protein in blood
Formed elements
Cells and cell fragments
Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBC)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Hemopoesis
Formation of blood cells
Red bone marrow; produces all types of blood cells
Lymphatic tissue; produced lymphocytes
Red blood cells
Deliver oxygen to cells
Remove carbon dioxide
Shaped for optimum gas exchange
Hemoglobin
Groups of protein chains (globin) with iron containing heme bound to them
Oxygen binds to the heme and is transported through the body
When the oxygen is released, carbon dioxide bonds to the globin to go back to the lungs for release
What is the extraceullur matrix of blood
Plasma
Erythropoietin (EOP)
Red blood cells
Hormone produced and released by the kidneys
When RBC are low EPO stimulate the bone marrow to make more erythrocytes
When RBC are old, the liver and spleen destroy them and break up their components
Red blood cell life cycle
O2 levels decrease
Kidneys secrete erythropoietin
Bone marrow creates erythrocytes
Reticulocytes are released, they mature into RBC
O2 levels increase ; EOP and RBC production decrease
Breakdown of RBC
Macrophages in liver and spleen ingest and destroy old RBC
Globin
Amino acids (Caries carbon dioxide)
Heme
Iron and bilirubin (Caries oxygen)
White blood cells
-Leukocytes
-Protect the body against pathogens (disease causing viruses)
-granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils(red stain), and basophils(take the blue in colour)
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Basophils
Involved in secreting heparin and histamine
Eosinophils
Involved in allergic reactions; kill parasites
Neutrophils
Migrate out of blood vessels to engulf and digest foreign material
Most abundant WBC
Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes are involved in attacking infected or cancerous cells
B lymphocytes produce/forming antibodies to specific antigens
Monocytes
Migrate into tissues to become macrophages that ingest bacteria, cellular debris and cancerous cells
Plateletes
Formation of blood clot
Homeostasis steps
- Vascular spasm
- Formation of platelet plug
- Formation of blood clot
- Dissolution of the blood clot ; fibrinolysis
Vascular spasm
Constricts the blood vessel to slow the flow of blood
Formation of a platelet plug
Rough collagen fibers in the injured blood vessels triggers plateletes passing by to become “stick plateletes” which forms a temporary seal
Formation of blood clot
Fibrin threads from a “web” at the injury site to catch passing RBCs and plateletes to form the blood clot
Dissolution of the blood clot
Plasmin dissolves the fibrin mesh work and the clot breaks up after the vessel has healed
Dissolution of blood clots
- Platelets contract
- Fibrinolysis (plasmin works to dissolve the fibrin mesh work, and the clot breaks up)
Factors that discourage blood clots
Smooth endothelium
Blood flow
Anticoagulants
What is the first step in homeostasis
Vascular spasm
What secretes heparin
Basophils
Involved in allergic reactions
Eosinophils
Attack infected cells
Lymphocytes
Most abundant blood cell
RBC
Migrate into tissues to ingest bacteria
Monocytes
Produce antibodies to specific antigens
Lymphocytes
Involved in clotting process
Thrombocytes
Most abundant WBC
Neutrophils
Which blood type has no antibodies
AB
Which blood type has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
O
Which blood type has anti-A antibodies
B
Which blood type has anti-B antibodies
A
Rh group
This is the positive or negative
Rh positive blood contains the Rh antigen
Rh negative blood lacks this specific antigen
Layers of the heart wall
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium
Also the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and covers the hearts surface
Myocardium
Composed of cardiac muscles
Endocardium
Likes the atria and ventricles , as well as the valves
Heart structures
Pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Fibrous pericardium
Outer most layer
Serous pericardium
Inner layer
Visceral pericardium
Liked the heart
Parietal pericardium
Lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Fluid filled space between the two layers of the serous pericardium
The sac surrounding the heatt
Pericardium
Atria
Atria served as reservoirs, receiving blood from the body or lungs
Separates by internal septum
Ventricles
Receive blood from the atria and pump it into the lungs (right ventricle) or the body (left ventricle)
Separates by the interventicular septum
What is the functional difference between the atria and ventricles
Atria receives blood
Ventricles pump blood
Artery (blue)
Carrie’s deoxygenated blood
Vein (red)
Oxygenated blood
Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid (right AV) valve
Mitral or bicuspid (left AV) valve
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Blood flow through the heart (RIGHT)
- SVC/IVC
- Right atrium
- Tricuspid valve
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary valve
- Pulmonary artery
Blood flow through the LEFT
- Pulmonary vein
- Left atrium
- Bicuspid / mitral valve
- Left ventricle
- Aortic valve
- Aorta
Main coronary arteries
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Two main branches coronary circulation
Anterior descending
Circumflex arteries
Coronary sinus
The large transverse vein on the hearts posterior that returns blood from the coronary arteries to the right atrium
Which great vessel supplies blood to the right atrium
Superior and inferior vena cava
What is the proccess of cardiac conduction, starting with where the impulse arises ?
Two phases of heart beat
Systole (contraction phase)
Diastole (relaxation phase)
“Lubb dupp” (valves closing)
What is the hearts primary pacemaker
Sinoatrial node
