Cardiovascular

Question 1

Types of blood vessels

Answer 1

Arteries (carry blood away from the heart)
Veins (return blood to the heart)
Capillaries (connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins)

Question 2

Blood vessel layers

Answer 2

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima (endothelium)

Question 3

Tunica externa

Answer 3

Outer layer of fibrous connective tissue that supports and protect the vessel

Question 4

Tunica media

Answer 4

Middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Question 5

Tunica intima

Answer 5

Innermost layer that keeps blood from sticking to vessel walls so it can flow freely

Question 6

Categories of arteries

Answer 6

Conducting arteries
Distributing arteries
Arterioles

Question 7

Conducting arteries

Answer 7

Largest
Closest to heart
Elastic

Question 8

Distributing arteries

Answer 8

Lead to specific organs
Muscular

Question 9

Arterioles

Answer 9

Smallest
Resistance vessels

Question 10

Veins

Answer 10

Become smaller as they lead away from the heart
Have thinner walls than artistes
Have a great ability to stretch
Can constrict extensively

Question 11

Categories of veins

Answer 11

Venules
Medium sized veins
Large veins

Question 12

Venules

Answer 12

Smallest
Have thin, porous walls

Question 13

Medium sized veins

Answer 13

Formed by convergence of Venules
Contain one way valves

Question 14

Large veins

Answer 14

Formed by convergence of Venules
Have thick tunica externa

Question 15

Capillaries

Answer 15

Microscopic
Link Arterioles to Venules
Are exchange vessels
Have extremely thin walls
Have very small diameters

Question 16

Capillary exchange

Answer 16

Walls allow for two way exchange
Release chemicals (such as oxygen, glucose) to tissues
Take up waste
Mechanisms of exchange include diffusion, filtration and osmosis

Question 17

Capillaries release oxygen and take up carbon dioxide from surrounding tissue through the process of ?

Answer 17

Diffusion

Question 18

What is the pathway of pulmonary circulation?

Answer 18

-Blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk into the right and left pulmonary arteries
-pulmonary arteries enter the lungs where they branch into lobar arteries and then into capillary beds
-capillaries from Venules which merge into veins
-Veins merge until they form the pulmonary vein, which returns blood to the left atrium

Question 19

What is the pathway of systemic circulation

Answer 19

-blood leaves the left ventricle into the ascending aorta, the aortic arch and the descending aorta
-arteries branch off the aorta to supply blood to the heart, head neck and body
-arteries branch into Arterioles which join capillaries
-capillaries merge to form Venules; which marge to form veins
-veins marge into the superior and inferior vena cava which returns the blood to the right atrium

Question 20

Peripheral Resistance

Answer 20

• Resistance to flow results from friction of blood against walls of vessels.
• Amount of friction depends on
  ◦ Blood viscosity
  ◦ Vessel diameter

Question 21

• Vasoconstriction

Answer 21

• Adjusting the diameter of vessels is the chief way of controlling blood pressure.
• Vasodilation
• Blood Velocity
• Vessel diameter affects how fast blood flows.

Question 22

What is the pathway of systemic circulation?

Answer 22

◦ Left ventricle to Aortic Valve to Aorta
◦ Aorta to Arteries to Arterioles to Capillaries
◦ Capillaries to Venules to Veins
◦ Veins to SVC/IVC to Right Atrium

Question 23

• Components of the Lymphatic System:

Answer 23

Lymphatic vessles
Lymph
Lympahtic tissue
Lymphatic organs

Question 24

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Answer 24

• Maintenance of fluid balance
• Absorption of fats
• Immunity

Question 25

* How do lymphatic vessels function?

Answer 25

◦ Lymph fluid containing bacteria, lymphocytes, and other cells flows into the vessels through gaps between the cells ◦ The vessels converge to form larger lymph vessels that periodically empty into lymph nodes ◦ Eventually the lymph vessels converge into two collecting ducts: -Right lymphatic duct -Thoracic duct

Question 26

Lymphatic Tissues

Answer 26

* Consist of patches of specialized tissue throughout the body * House a variety of lymphocytes * Lymphocytes also reside in mucosa linings ◦ Known as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (M A L T) ◦ Allow body to protect against invaders

Question 27

Tonsils

Answer 27

Pharyngeal tonsil Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsils

Question 28

-Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)-

Answer 28

sits on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity

Question 29

-Palatine tonsil

Answer 29

Lies in the posterior of the oral cavity (visible ones at back of throat)

Question 30

Lingual tonsils

Answer 30

Concentrated patches on each side of the base of the tounge

Question 31

Thymus

Answer 31

* Produces a hormone called thymosin that stimulates lymphocyte production * Training ground for lymphocytes ◦ Immature T lymphocytes travel from red bone marrow to learn from other lymphoid cells * Shrinks as we age

Question 32

* Roles of the lymph nodes:

Answer 32

◦ Remove pathogens and foreign material in the lymph ◦ Location of some lymphocyte and monocyte maturation

Question 33

Major lymph node clusters:

Answer 33

Cervical lymph nodes in the neck ◦ Axillary lymph nodes in the armpit ◦ Inguinal lymph nodes in the groin

Question 34

Spleen Functions

Answer 34

* Immunity * Destruction of old red blood cells * Blood storage * Hematopoiesis

Question 35

Three Lines of Defense

Answer 35

* First: External barriers (skin) * Second: Nonspecific immunity (external opeinings like mouth, ear, nose) * Third: Specific immunity (specific immunity)

Question 36

Nonspecific Immunity

Answer 36

* External barriers (skin) * Phagocytosis (macrophages, neutrophils) * Antimicrobial proteins * Natural killer cells * Inflammation * Fever

Question 37

Phagocytosis

Answer 37

◦ Neutrophils (leave vessels to enter inflamed tissue to destroy pathogens) ◦ Macrophages that evolve from monocytes (congregate in areas where microbial invasion is likely, such as the alveoli, liver, spleen,etc.)

Question 38

Interferons

Answer 38

a cell that is infected by a virus releases interferon to bind to non-infected cells, causing them to produce enzymes that will prevent (interfere) with virus replication if they also become infected

Question 39

Complement system

Answer 39

20 different proteins that circulate in an inactive form until activated by bacteria or antibodies

Question 40

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

Answer 40

Aims to destroy foreign cells or infected host cells

Question 41

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

Answer 41

Sends antibodies to mark pathogen for later destruction

Question 42

B cells

Answer 42

Develop from stem cells in red bone marrow Mature in bone marrow Then travel to lymphatic organs and tissues

Question 43

T cells

Answer 43

Develop from stem cells in red bone marrow Mature in thymus gland Then travel to lymphatic organs and tissues

Question 44

Five classes of antibodies

Answer 44

◦ IgA ◦ IgD ◦ IgE ◦ IgG ◦ IgM

Question 45

three classes of T cells

Answer 45

◦ Cytotoxic T cells: Carry out attack ◦ Helper T cells: Supportive role ◦ Memory T cells: For future infections