Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small (Chloe) > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step when encountering a patient in respiratory distress?

A

Localise the area of distress e.g. upper or lower airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some causes of acute coughing?

A

Tracheobronchitis (Kennel cough)
Irritation by smoke-dust/chemicals/medicines
Airway FB
Pulmonary haemorrhage
Acute pneumonia e.g inhalation
Acute oedema
Airway trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is canine chronic bronchitis?

A

Daily coughing for over 2 months characterised by WBC infiltration of mucosa and thickening of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some common complications of chronic canine bronchitis?

A

Airway dilation and airway collapse due to wall weakness (bronchomalacia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you manage chronic canine bronchitis?

A

Weight control, harness and avoid irritants
Maintain hydration status and steam the bathroom
Drug therapy: Glucocorticoids, bronchodilators accompanied by coupage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the pros of inhaled medications?

A

Reduced systemic exposure of glucocorticoids
Dose required is lower
Reduces systemic side effects
Effective in acute situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the cons of inhaled medications?

A

Time consuming
Expensive
Owner compliance
Patient compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hypersensitivity reaction is feline bronchial disease (feline asthma)?

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the common pathogens involved in bacterial bronchopneumonia?

A

E.coli
Klebsiella
Pasteurella
Staphs
Streps
Mycoplasma
B bronchoseptica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common type of primary neoplasia found in the lungs?

A

Carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pre-patent period of O.osleri?

A

10-18 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What age of cat does lower airway disease normally affect?

A

Young adults to middle aged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical signs of low grade, chronic lower airway disease in cats?

A

Coughing
Audible wheezing
Exercise intolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are potential trigger factors of lower airway disease in cats?

A

Change in environment
New cat litter
Passive smoking
Seasonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are clinical signs of laryngeal disease in cats?

A

Laboured inspiration, stridor, increased effort, slow inspiratory phase +/- change in purr and vocalisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

Feline lungworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you treat feline lungworm?

A

Fenbendazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma pneumonia in the cat?

A

Fever, cough, tachypnoea, lethargy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you diagnose mycoplasma pneumonia in the cat?

A

PCR on tracheal wash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you treat mycoplasma pneumonia in the cat?

A

Doxycycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the early cutaneous signs of mycobacterial pneumonia in the cat?

A

After an infected vole/rodent bite or non-healing sores/nodules +/- large LNs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the early GI signs of mycobacterial pneumonia in the cat?

A

After ingestion of contaminated product. V+, D+, weight loss, poor appetite, inflammatory granulomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do you diagnose mycobacterial pneumonia in cats?

A

Histopathology and PCR. Seek advice for zoonotic risk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is pleural space disease?

A

Loss of thoracic capacity +/- cyanosis. Accumulation of fluid, air or soft tissue mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are causes of pleural space disease?

A

Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
Neoplasia
Ruptured diaphragm
Gross cardiomegaly
Abdominal abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the general clinical signs of pleural space disease?

A

Short, shallow breaths
Tachypnoea
Open mouth breathing
Dyspnoea, distress
Orthopnoea
Cyanosis

27
Q

What is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity called?

A

Pleural effusion

28
Q

What causes transudate accumulation in the pleural space?

A

Hypoalbuminemia

29
Q

What causes an accumulation of modified transudate in the pleural space?

A

RCHF
Diaphragmatic hernia
Lung lobe torsion
Neoplasia

30
Q

Causes of non-septic effusion

A

FIP
Neoplasia
Chronic chylothorax
Chronic lung lobe torsion
Fungal infection

31
Q

Causes of septic effusion (pyothorax)

A

Penetrating chest wound
Foreign body inhalation
Ruptured oesophagus/abscess
Haematogenous bacterial spread

32
Q

Causes of chylothorax

A

Disruption to thoracic duct including lymphangiectasia
Cranial vena cava obstruction
Neoplasia
Heart disease
Fungal infection
Hernia
Torsion or trauma

33
Q

Causes of haemothorax

A

Trauma
Coagulopathy
Neoplasia
Lung lobe torsion

34
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

An accumulation of air in the pleural space

35
Q

What does a pneumothorax cause?

A

Restrictive breathing, dull lung sounds dorsally with increased sounds ventrally. Increased drum like resonance on percussion.
Results in lung collapse.

36
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

The lesion acts as a one way valve, constantly increasing pressure around the lungs.

37
Q

What is the most common cause of a spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

Ruptured pulmonary bulla or a sub-pleural bleb

38
Q

What is aspiration pneumonia?

A

The inhalation of material into the lower airway.

39
Q

What are the clinical signs with aspiration pneumonia?

A

Coughing, harsh/reduced sounds, tachypnoea, pyrexia

40
Q

What conditions result in pulmonary oedema?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure
Reduced oncotic pressure
Increased vascular permeability
Impaired lymphatic drainage

41
Q

What is the main cause of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema?

A

Pulmonary epithelial injury (head injury, electric shock, chocking, SIRS, smoke inhalation, near drowning)

42
Q

What is angiostrongylus vasorum?

A

Canine heartworm

43
Q

What are the clinical signs of heartworm?

A

Breathlessness, bleeding, neurological, productive cough, pulmonary hypertension, coagulopathies

44
Q

What is the breed pre-disposition of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Middle aged to older WHWT and other terries

45
Q

What is the typical history for interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Insidious onset, chronic breathlessness, coughing, exercise intolerance, cyanosis, syncope

46
Q

What presents on clinical exam with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Crackles throughout lung fields
Prolonged expiratory phase with expiratory effort

47
Q

What causes stertor?

A

Soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, with BOAS

48
Q

What is the stertor noise?

A

Like snoring, low pitched soft tissue vibration

49
Q

What can cause stridor?

A

Tracheal or laryngeal pathology. Laryngeal paralysis, tracheal collapse

50
Q

What type of noise is stridor?

A

High pitched wheezing, vibration of rigid tissues.

51
Q

What systemic signs can present with upper respiratory disease?

A

Pyrexia, depression, lethargy, inappetence

52
Q

What are the clinical signs of kennel cough?

A

Hacking cough, submandibular lymphadenopathy, ocular/nasal discharge, lethargy, pyrexia

53
Q

What are common secondary infections of kennel cough?

A

Canine parainfluenza virus
Canine adenovirus-2
Coronavirus
Bordetella bronchiseptica

54
Q

What are the options for kennel cough diagnosis?

A

Paired serology
Nasal/oropharyngeal swab for PCR
Conjunctival swab for distemper (IFA)

55
Q

What symptomatic treatment can be used for kennel cough?

A

Avoid pulling on collar
Clean eyes and nose
NSAIDS
Butorphanol, codeine
Glycerine

56
Q

What antibiotics can be used to treat Bordetella?

A

Gram negative cover - tetracyclines, potentiated sulphonamides and amoxycillin

57
Q

What are some methods to try and prevent pneumonia?

A

Environmental hygiene
Dog-to-dog contact
Fomite transmission
Ventilation
Vaccination

58
Q

What vaccinations can help reduce the risk of pneumonia in dogs?

A

Parainfluenza
Distemper

59
Q

What pathogens can cause cat flu?

A

Feline herpesvirus
Feline calicivirus
Chlamydia felis
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Mycoplasma felis

60
Q

Clinical signs of feline herpesvirus

A

Flu signs
Damage to nasal bones (chronic snufflers)
Ocular ulcers
Herpetic dermatitis

61
Q

Clinical signs of feline calicivirus

A

Tongue ulcers
Floppy kittens (synovitis)

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of aspergillosis?

A

Nasal discharge
Ulceration or depigmentation of nasal planum
Pain on palpation
Sneezing
Facial deformity/neuro signs

63
Q

What is the treatment for aspegillosis?

A

Oral antifungal agents
Topical therapy

Small (Chloe) (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions