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Small (Chloe) > Neurology and ophthalmology > Flashcards

Neurology and ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What structure of the eye is a thin transparent/pink mucous membrane that starts at the limbus and forms a continuous sheet over eyelids, third eyelid and globe?

A

The conjunctival surfaces

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2
Q

What breed is mucinosis common in?

A

Shar Pei

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3
Q

What clinical signs are associated with acute conjunctivitis?

A

Hyperaemia, chemosis, swelling/thickening, discharge, mild irritation/blepharospasm, pruritus

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic conjunctivitis?

A

Thickening squamous metaplasia of epithelium, hyperpigmentation, follicular hyperplasia.

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5
Q

What are the four types of ocular discharge?

A
  1. Purulent
  2. Thick/tenacious
  3. Serous
  4. Haemorrhagic
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6
Q

What are some non-infectious causes of conjunctivitis?

A

FBs, irritants, allergic, adnexal disease

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7
Q

What is entropion?

A

Inversion of the eyelid margin

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8
Q

How do you treat entropion?

A

Hotz-celcius surgery involving the removal of elliptical piece of skin

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9
Q

What is distichiasis?

A

Extra eyelashes emerge from meibomian gland orifices

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10
Q

What are ectopic cilia?

A

Lashes that arise from the follicle inside/near the meibomian gland. They emerge through the conjunctiva at right angles to the cornea.

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11
Q

What does KCS stand for?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - dry eye

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12
Q

What breeds are pre-disposed to KCS?

A

WHWT, Pug, Shih Tzu, CKCS, English cocker

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of dry eye?

A

Recurrent conjunctivitis that improves with any topical treatment, tacky mucoid-mucopurulent discharge stuck to the ocular surface.
Blepharospasm +/- corneal ulceration

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14
Q

What additional clinical signs are seen with chronic KCS?

A

Corneal vascularisation, fibrosis and pigmentation, reduced vision

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15
Q

What is considered a normal Schirmer tear test?

A

15-25 mm/min

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16
Q

What is epiphora?

A

Tear overflow due to poor teat drainage

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17
Q

What conditions can a red eye be a sign of?

A

Uveitis, glaucoma and scleritis/episcleritis

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18
Q

What topical antibiotics can be used in ophthalmology treatment?

A

Fusidic acid (Isathal)
Chloramphenicol drops/ointment
Other antibiotics based on C+S

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19
Q

What infectious pathogens can cause feline conjunctivitis?

A

Chlamydophila felis
Feline herpesvirus-1
Feline calicivirus
Mycoplasma felis
Bordetella bronchiseptica

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of Chlamydophila felis?

A

Conjunctivitis
Chemosis
Hyperaemia
Absent or mild upper respiratory disease

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21
Q

How do you treat Chlamydophila felis?

A

Systemic treatment - doxycycline
Amoxiclav in pregnant queens and kittens

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22
Q

What is the definition of a corneal ulcer?

A

Break in continuity or corneal epithelium with exposure of underlying stroma

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23
Q

Which type of corneal ulcer is more painful? Superficial or deep?

A

Superficial

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24
Q

What does SCCEDs stand for?

A

Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects

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25
Q

What clinical signs can be seen with a painful eye?

A

Increased lacrimation, blepharospasm, photophobia
Conjunctival hyperaemia, discharge, corneal oedema, reflex uveitis

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26
Q

What breed is commonly affected by spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects?

A

Boxers

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of SCEEDs?

A

Epithelium loss only with no stroma involvement.
Lip of loose epithelium.
Variable inflammatory response

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28
Q

How can you identify a descemetocele?

A

Acute or chronic with complete stromal loss. Walls or ulcer/crater. Wall strain positive but the Descemet’s membrane does not strain.

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29
Q

How do melting corneal ulcers present?

A

Acute and painful.
Lots of gelatinous ‘gloopy’ discharge. Ill defined, rounded, soft edges.
Marked corneal oedema and anterior uveitis.

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30
Q

How do you treat superficial ulcers?

A

Prevent secondary infections, systemic NSAIDs, single drop atropine, recheck in 3-5 days

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31
Q

What does a head tilt indicate?

A

Peripheral or central vestibular syndrome

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32
Q

What are the clinical signs of idiopathic vestibular disease?

A

Sudden onset, head tilt, stumbling, circling, nystagmus, nausea
Sometimes accompanied by Horner’s syndrome

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33
Q

What is the prognosis for idiopathic vestibular disease?

A

Good to excellent

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of otitis interna?

A

Head tilt, spontaneous horizontal or rotary nystagmus, circling

35
Q

What are the most common bacteria involved in otitis interna?

A

Pseudomonas spp and staphylococcus spp

36
Q

What radiographic views can be used to view the tympanic bullae and to check for fluid?

A

Oblique skyline and lateral oblique

37
Q

What drugs are of highest concern for ototoxicity?

A

Aminoglycosides, cisplatin, metronidazole

38
Q

Where do inflammatory polyps typically develop in the feline ear?

A

Middle ear and Eustachian tubes

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of inflammatory polyps in the middle ear?

A

Abnormal balance, changes in pupil sizes, head tilt, nystagmus

40
Q

What are the clinical signs of trigeminal neuritis?

A

Inability to close jaw, difficulty taking food into mouth, may have difficulty swallowing
Can be accompanied by Horner’s syndrome and/or sensory disturbances

41
Q

What are the clinical signa of trigeminal nerve sheath tumours?

A

Facial asymmetry, reduced facial sensation, absent palpebral reflex with normal menace response.
Reduced unilateral corneal sensation and enophthalmos.
Horner’s syndrome

42
Q

What is the definition of globe prolapse?

A

Globe is acutely displaced forwards beyond the plane of the eyelids

43
Q

What is exophthalmos?

A

A degree of forward displacement of the globe with the eyelids remaining in the normal anatomical position

44
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a globe prolapse?

A

Immediate oedema exacerbated by the eyelid spasm.
Traction of the optic nerve likely resulting in permanent blindness.
Desiccation of the ocular surface and rupture of extraocular muscles

45
Q

What is a retrobulbar abscess?

A

Abscess or cellulitis behind the globe

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of a retrobulbar abscess?

A

Acute onset, unilateral, exophthalmos, pain, third eyelid protrusion, discharge, pyrexia, lethargy

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute glaucoma?

A

Ocular pain, head shy, yelping, dull/quiet, vision loss, change in appearance
Corneal oedema, episcleral vessel congestion, fixed and dilated pupil

48
Q

What is the common presentation of anterior lens luxation?

A

Acutely painful eye, glaucoma, focal corneal oedema, lens outline may be visible in anterior chamber

49
Q

What are classed as corneal emergencies?

A

Chemical injury, foreign bodies, melting ulcers, severe lacerations

50
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for sudden onset blindness?

A

Acute glaucoma, acute uveitis, intraocular haemorrhage, retinal detachment, optic neuritis, SARD, toxicity, intracranial lesion

51
Q

What does IVDD stand for?

A

Intervertebral disc disease

52
Q

What are the two types of IVDD?

A

Extrusion and protrusion

53
Q

What is extrusion IVDD?

A

When the disc erupts and disc material escapes and compresses the spinal cord.

54
Q

What is protrusion IVDD?

A

Disc gets compressed and changes shape, compressing the spinal cord

55
Q

What breed is predisposed to IVDD?

A

Dachshunds

56
Q

What is a fibrocartilaginous embolism?

A

Microscopic blood clot in the spinal column

57
Q

What are the clinical signs of fibrocartilaginous embolsim?

A

Acute onset, not painful, unilateral or bilateral paralysis

58
Q

When is neospora infection transmitted to puppies?

A

In utero

59
Q

When does a neospora infection normally start showing signs?

A

From 4 weeks

60
Q

What are the clinical signs of a neospora infection?

A

Hindlimb extensor rigidity, inability to walk, difficult to demonstrate reflexes, resents limb flexion

61
Q

What does the dry form of feline infectious peritonitis form?

A

Granulomas

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of dry feline infectious peritonitis in relation to granuloma formation in the spinal cord?

A

Paraparesis with increased tone, discomfort on spinal palpation, reflexes and pain sensation, absent tail movement

63
Q

What is the presentation of atlantoaxial subluxation?

A

Cervical pain with non-ambulatory tetraparesis

64
Q

What is the breed pre-disposition for atlantoaxial subluxation?

A

Toy breeds - chihuahuas and Yorkshire terriers

65
Q

What are the clinical signs of bacterial meningitis?

A

Neck or back pain. Pyrexia.

66
Q

What is the breed pre-disposition of bacterial meningitis?

A

GSD - Rickettsia spp
American cocker spaniel - cryptococcosis meningitis

67
Q

What is discospondylitis?

A

Abscess/infection of an intervertebral disc

68
Q

How can you confirm diagnosis of steroid responsive meningitis arteritis?

A

Give an immunosuppressive course of prednisolone after a CSF spinal tap showing high levels of neutrophils.

69
Q

What are the clinical signs of steroid responsive meningitis arteritis?

A

Pyrexia, pain, rigidity of the neck, lethargic, Inappetant

70
Q

What does MUO stand for?

A

Meningitis of unknown origin

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of localised tetanus?

A

Muscle rigidity in the limb or muscles closest to the wound. Can have muscel tremors.

72
Q

What are the clinical signs of generalised tetanus?

A

Stiff gait with the tail held up or extended out behind them.
Form a sawhorse stance with all limbs in rigid extension.
Facial muscles affected

73
Q

How soon after tetanus infection do symptoms develop?

A

5 to 10 days after initial wound.
Can be 3 days to 3 weeks.

74
Q

What is the treatment for tetanus infection?

A

Tetanus antitoxin, antibiotics (penicillin, metronidazole), IVFT, feeding tube, kept in a dark quiet area

75
Q

When does botulism usually occur?

A

After eating dead animals or raw contaminated meat

76
Q

How does botulism present?

A

Initial weakness in the rear legs. Progresses to front legs and facial muscles within 24 hours.

77
Q

What is the treatment for botulism?

A

Botulism antitoxin, supportive care, bladder expression, antibiotics for secondary infection

78
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

CSD in the spinal cord due to expansion of the central canal

79
Q

What is the breed predisposition of syringomyelia?

A

Cavalier king Charles spaniel

80
Q

What is the definition of spastic?

A

Abnormal increased muscle tone or stiffness of muscles

81
Q

What is the definition of ataxia?

A

Uncoordinated movement, can’t position legs underneath body

82
Q

What is the definition of weakness?

A

Not strong enough to pull legs underneath the body and push to stand up

Small (Chloe) (11 decks)

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