Oncology Flashcards
What are the 3 broad types of tumour?
Epithelial
Mesenchymal
Round cells
Features of epithelial type tumours
Locally invasive
Metastasise later on
Per-tumoral inflammation
Requires less of a surgical removal area
Name the 5 epithelial type tumours
- Papilloma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Transitional cell carcinoma
- Adenoma
- Adenocarcinoma
What are the characteristics of mesenchymal type tumours?
Metastatic
Connective tissue or bone
Ability to spread through blood and seen at a later stage
Surgical treatment
Name the 5 types of mesenchymal type tumour
- Fibroma/Fibrosarcoma
- Osteoma/osteosarcoma
- Haemangioma/Hemangiosarcoma
- Lipoma/Liposarcoma
- Chondroma/ chondrosarcoma
What group of tumours affect the immune system and respond to chemotherapy well?
Round cell tumours
What type of tumour are unpredictable and do what they want?
Melanoma
What are the features of a high grade tumour?
Higher mitotic count and poorly differentiated with nuclear atypia. Involve necrosis and are locally invasive.
What is staging?
An assessment that combines features of the primary tumour and a measurement of where it has spread
What is maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy?
High dose every 3 weeks to treat the cancer
What is maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy?
High dose every 3 weeks to treat the cancer
What is metronomic chemotherapy?
Giving low dose chemotherapy to modulate the body’s own immune system
What are tyrosine kinase inhibitors used for?
Licenced for non-receptible, high grade mast cell tumours
What can be used for neoplasia palliative care?
Prednisolone on it’s own if committed and not wanting to pursue chemotherapy
What should be included when summarising a tumour?
Stage, grade, type, sample method, location
What is the grade of a tumour?
Features of the tumour on cytology/histopathology which allow predictions to be made about the tumour’s behaviour.
What does TNM staging stand for?
Tumour, lymph Node, distant Metastasis
Describe radial surgery
Entire compartment or structure containing mass (limb, muscle, bone)
What is curative intent surgery?
2-3cm lateral margins and one fascial plane
Describe marginal surgery
Removing all the mass within the pseudocapsule
Describe cytoreductive surgery
Removing the bulk of disease within the pseudocapsule
How do most chemotherapy drugs work?
They affect the cell’s ability to divide by affecting DNA
When giving chemotherapy, what is vital to ensure?
First stick catheter, appropriate restraint and extravasation
Adverse side effect of cyclophosphamide
Sterile haemorrhagic cystitis
