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Oral, abdominal and rectal disease Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the anal sacs situated?

A

About 4 and 8 o’clock in between the external and internal sphincters.

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2
Q

What clinical signs can be seen with anal sac issues?

A

Perineal irritation (scooting), impaction/infection on palpation, blood tinged material/pus

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3
Q

What are the indications for anal sacculectomy?

A

Recurrent impaction, neoplasia, treatment for perianal fistula

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4
Q

What are some of the complications of anal sacculectomy?

A

Draining sinus
Infection
Dehiscence
Tenesmus
Faecal incontinence

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5
Q

What breeds are pre-disposed to anal furunculosis?

A

German shepherds
Low tail-carriage breeds

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6
Q

What are the treatment options for anal furunculosis?

A

Cyclosporin for 12 weeks
Hypoallergenic diet
Immunosuppressive dose of prednisolone
Removal

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7
Q

What is the third most common tumour in the male dog?

A

Perianal sebaceous gland adenoma

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs seen with anal adenocarcinomas?

A

Rapidly growing mass
Dyschezia
Pain
Sub-lumbar enlargement
Do not respond to castration

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9
Q

What do anal sac adenocarcinomas typically excrete?

A

PTH-like substance

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10
Q

What is the treatment for anal sac adenocarcinomas?

A

Treat hypercalcaemia prior to surgery
Excise primary mass
Mastectomy
Adjunctive chemotherapy

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11
Q

What conditions can rectal prolapses be related to?

A

Ectoparasites/enteritis in young animals
Tumours or perianal hernias

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12
Q

What are rectal strictures often seen secondary to?

A

Prostatitis, chronic anal sacculitis, penetrating FBs

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of rectal polyps?

A

Blood/mucus in faeces
Tenesmus
Prolapse

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14
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of nutritional weight loss?

A

Malnutrition, maldigestion/absorption, malutilisation

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15
Q

What can cause an animal to have weight loss in regards to malnutrition?

A

Diet, pain, stress, nausea, pyrexia, physical

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16
Q

How does masticatory muscle myositis present?

A

Acute - inflamed masticatory muscles, hard to open jaw as painful
Chronic - Fibrosis and atrophy, no pain but anorexia and weight loss

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17
Q

What breeds are predisposed to cricopharyngeal atelectasis?

A

Springers and cockers

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18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of cricopharyngeal atelectasis?

A

Neuromuscular motility disorder causing incomplete/asynchronous relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter.

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19
Q

What can cause maldigestion within the stomach?

A

Vomitting/regurgitation
Inflammatory/infectious
Obstructions
Congenital/traumatic

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20
Q

What can cause malabsorption within the small intestines/pancreas?

A

Reduced absorption of fats/proteins/carbs
Diarrhoea or increased volume of faeces
Changes in colour/consistency
Associated with vomiting

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21
Q

What common systemic disease can cause malabsorption or maldigestion without GI pathology?

A

Hyperthyroidism in cats
Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs

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22
Q

What are the three categories malutilisation?

A

Abnormal nutrient handling
Increased demand for nutrients
Systemically unwell

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23
Q

What is the definition of anorexia?

A

Not eating at all

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24
Q

What is the definition of hyporexia?

A

Not eating enough for normal maintenance

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25
Q

What are common causes of anorexia?

A

Renal/hepatic - toxin accumulation, any inflammatory/infection process causes pyrexia or neoplasia

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26
Q

What cats are at an increased risk of hepatic lipidosis?

A

High BCs where rapid weight loss is involved

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27
Q

What are the clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis?

A

Jaundice, lethargic, hepatomegaly, painful, V+D, ileus, hypersalivation, pallor, neck ventroflexion, coagulopathies

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28
Q

What is refeeding syndrome?

A

If a patient is fed too much too quick after prolonged anorexia, starvation causes electrolyte depletion.
Causes hypokalaemia

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29
Q

What are the clinical signs of refeeding syndrome?

A

Cervical ventroflexion
Severe muscle weakness
Acute red blood cell lysis
Respiratory failure

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30
Q

What is the treatment for refeeding syndrome?

A

Immediately reduce feeding by 50% and lower carb diet.
Increase slowly over 4-6 days.
Check electrolytes and give potassium phosphate CRI if needed.

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31
Q

How do you prevent refeeding syndrome?

A

Reintroduce feeding slowly - max speed of 1/3rd RER on day one and 2/3rds on day 2. Return to full RER on day 3.
Monitor K+, Mg2+ and phosphorus.

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of ascites?

A

Abdominal distention
Discomfort
Dyspnoea
Lethargy
Weight gain/difficulty rising/lying

33
Q

What are the differential diagnoses of ascites?

A

Organomegaly
Abdominal mass
Pregnancy
Bladder distension
Obesity
Gastric distention

34
Q

What cytology is seen with protein-poor transudate?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages with some mesothelial cells

35
Q

What cytology is seen with protein-rich transudate?

A

Macrophages and mesothelial cells, increasing number of neutrophils and small lymphocytes

36
Q

What cytology is seen with exudate?

A

Neutrophils, or neutrophils and macrophages

37
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for ascites caused by protein-poor transudate?

A

Protein-losing enteropathy, hepatic failure and protein-losing nephropathy

38
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for ascites caused by modified transudate (protein rich)?

A

Cardiovascular disease, chronic liver disease, neoplasia and thrombosis

39
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for ascites caused by exudate?

A

Septic - Penetrating wound, surgical complication, rupture of infected lesion and bacteraemia
Non-septic - neoplasia, uroperitoneum, bile peritonitis and FIP

40
Q

When do deciduous teeth erupt in the puppy and kitten?

A

Puppy - 3-6 weeks
Kitten - 2-8 weeks

41
Q

When do permanent teeth erupt?

A

3-6 months

42
Q

In dentistry, what does mesial mean?

A

Closest point to the central line

43
Q

In dentistry, what does distal mean?

A

Furthest point of tooth from the midline

44
Q

In dentistry, what does palatal surface mean?

A

Edge closest to hard palate

45
Q

In dentistry, what does lingual surface mean?

A

Edge closest to tongue

46
Q

In dentistry, what does labial edge mean?

A

Closest to inside mouth

47
Q

In dentistry, what does buccal edge mean?

A

Closest to cheek

48
Q

What are the three main functions of the periodontium?

A

Attach, support, protect

49
Q

What structures form the periodontium?

A

Alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum and gingiva

50
Q

What abnormalities should be listed on a dental chart?

A

Oral mucosae, occlusion
Periodontal disease, missing + extra teeth
Damaged teeth, abscess and tracts
Resorptive lesions, caries
Caries, oral masses
Pre and post Tx

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of gingivitis?

A

Gingival inflammation, erythema, swelling/oedema, bleeding

52
Q

What four factors add up to periodontitis?

A

Periodontal pocket, gingivitis, furcation involvement, mobility

53
Q

What is dyschezia?

A

Difficult or painful defaecation +/- blood

54
Q

What can cause Dyschezia?

A

Colonic impaction, perineal hernia, stricture, neoplasia, prostatomegaly, obstipation

55
Q

What is tenesmus?

A

Excessive straining to pass stools

56
Q

What are the signs of colitis?

A

Soft stools, mucus, fresh blood, generally well animal

57
Q

What is the treatment for colitis?

A

Metronidazole, sulfasalazine, high fibre feed, occasional steroids

58
Q

What is constipation?

A

Infrequent or difficult passage of stool associated with retention of faeces within the rectum and colon

59
Q

When is adipose tissue usage increased?

A

During high activity or sickness

60
Q

On the 1-9 BCS scale, what does moving up one number indicate?

A

A 5% increase of body weight

61
Q

What is considered to be safe weight loss?

A

1% per week in cats
1-2% per week in dogs

62
Q

If an animal is scored 9/9 BCS, how overweight are they?

A

40% overweight

63
Q

Why do animals normally have an umbilical hernia?

A

Congenital due to failed embryogenesis

64
Q

What organs are at risk with an inguinal hernia?

A

Intestine, bladder and uterus

65
Q

What signalment is linked to inguinal hernias?

A

Intact female middle aged dogs
Under 2-year old male dogs
Obesity/pregnancy

66
Q

What can cause perineal hernias?

A

Progressive weakening of the pelvic diaphragm, hormonal influence, tenesmus, congenital/acquired weakness, colitis/prostatomegaly

67
Q

What breeds are predisposed to hiatal hernias?

A

Brachycephalic breeds, Shar pei

68
Q

What does PPDH mean?

A

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

69
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with diaphragmatic rupture?

A

Trauma associated, pale/cyanotic, tachypnoeic/dyspnoeic, tachycardic, occasional cardiac arrythmias, hydrothorax

70
Q

What is the main reason for acromegaly in cats?

A

Functional pituitary adenoma

71
Q

What is the main reason for acromegaly in dogs?

A

Unneutered females due to elevated progesterone levels in the luteal phase or exogenous progesterone

72
Q

What are the clinical signs of acromegaly?

A

Diabetes mellitus risk
PU/PD, polyphagia
Cutaneous thickening, macroglossia, increased dental spacing, prognathism

73
Q

What are the clinical sign of an insulinoma?

A

Increased appetite, weight gain, weakness, ataxia, collapse, seizures

74
Q

What are the 3 stages of insulinomas?

A
  1. Pancreas only affected
  2. Regional lymph nodes metastasis
  3. Distant metastasis
75
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism?

A

Dull, lethargic, weight gain, no increased appetite, hypothermia, lots of shedding, alopecia, myxoedema, peripheral neuropathies, hypotension, bradycardia, repro issues

76
Q

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

levothyroxine with or without food (consistent)

Small (Chloe) (11 decks)

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