Oral, abdominal and rectal disease Flashcards
Where are the anal sacs situated?
About 4 and 8 o’clock in between the external and internal sphincters.
What clinical signs can be seen with anal sac issues?
Perineal irritation (scooting), impaction/infection on palpation, blood tinged material/pus
What are the indications for anal sacculectomy?
Recurrent impaction, neoplasia, treatment for perianal fistula
What are some of the complications of anal sacculectomy?
Draining sinus
Infection
Dehiscence
Tenesmus
Faecal incontinence
What breeds are pre-disposed to anal furunculosis?
German shepherds
Low tail-carriage breeds
What are the treatment options for anal furunculosis?
Cyclosporin for 12 weeks
Hypoallergenic diet
Immunosuppressive dose of prednisolone
Removal
What is the third most common tumour in the male dog?
Perianal sebaceous gland adenoma
What are the clinical signs seen with anal adenocarcinomas?
Rapidly growing mass
Dyschezia
Pain
Sub-lumbar enlargement
Do not respond to castration
What do anal sac adenocarcinomas typically excrete?
PTH-like substance
What is the treatment for anal sac adenocarcinomas?
Treat hypercalcaemia prior to surgery
Excise primary mass
Mastectomy
Adjunctive chemotherapy
What conditions can rectal prolapses be related to?
Ectoparasites/enteritis in young animals
Tumours or perianal hernias
What are rectal strictures often seen secondary to?
Prostatitis, chronic anal sacculitis, penetrating FBs
What are the clinical signs of rectal polyps?
Blood/mucus in faeces
Tenesmus
Prolapse
What are the 3 broad categories of nutritional weight loss?
Malnutrition, maldigestion/absorption, malutilisation
What can cause an animal to have weight loss in regards to malnutrition?
Diet, pain, stress, nausea, pyrexia, physical
How does masticatory muscle myositis present?
Acute - inflamed masticatory muscles, hard to open jaw as painful
Chronic - Fibrosis and atrophy, no pain but anorexia and weight loss
What breeds are predisposed to cricopharyngeal atelectasis?
Springers and cockers
What is the pathophysiology of cricopharyngeal atelectasis?
Neuromuscular motility disorder causing incomplete/asynchronous relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter.
What can cause maldigestion within the stomach?
Vomitting/regurgitation
Inflammatory/infectious
Obstructions
Congenital/traumatic
What can cause malabsorption within the small intestines/pancreas?
Reduced absorption of fats/proteins/carbs
Diarrhoea or increased volume of faeces
Changes in colour/consistency
Associated with vomiting
What common systemic disease can cause malabsorption or maldigestion without GI pathology?
Hyperthyroidism in cats
Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs
What are the three categories malutilisation?
Abnormal nutrient handling
Increased demand for nutrients
Systemically unwell
What is the definition of anorexia?
Not eating at all
What is the definition of hyporexia?
Not eating enough for normal maintenance
What are common causes of anorexia?
Renal/hepatic - toxin accumulation, any inflammatory/infection process causes pyrexia or neoplasia
What cats are at an increased risk of hepatic lipidosis?
High BCs where rapid weight loss is involved
What are the clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis?
Jaundice, lethargic, hepatomegaly, painful, V+D, ileus, hypersalivation, pallor, neck ventroflexion, coagulopathies
What is refeeding syndrome?
If a patient is fed too much too quick after prolonged anorexia, starvation causes electrolyte depletion.
Causes hypokalaemia
What are the clinical signs of refeeding syndrome?
Cervical ventroflexion
Severe muscle weakness
Acute red blood cell lysis
Respiratory failure
What is the treatment for refeeding syndrome?
Immediately reduce feeding by 50% and lower carb diet.
Increase slowly over 4-6 days.
Check electrolytes and give potassium phosphate CRI if needed.
How do you prevent refeeding syndrome?
Reintroduce feeding slowly - max speed of 1/3rd RER on day one and 2/3rds on day 2. Return to full RER on day 3.
Monitor K+, Mg2+ and phosphorus.
What are the clinical signs of ascites?
Abdominal distention
Discomfort
Dyspnoea
Lethargy
Weight gain/difficulty rising/lying
What are the differential diagnoses of ascites?
Organomegaly
Abdominal mass
Pregnancy
Bladder distension
Obesity
Gastric distention
What cytology is seen with protein-poor transudate?
Neutrophils and macrophages with some mesothelial cells
What cytology is seen with protein-rich transudate?
Macrophages and mesothelial cells, increasing number of neutrophils and small lymphocytes
What cytology is seen with exudate?
Neutrophils, or neutrophils and macrophages
What are the differential diagnoses for ascites caused by protein-poor transudate?
Protein-losing enteropathy, hepatic failure and protein-losing nephropathy
What are the differential diagnoses for ascites caused by modified transudate (protein rich)?
Cardiovascular disease, chronic liver disease, neoplasia and thrombosis
What are the differential diagnoses for ascites caused by exudate?
Septic - Penetrating wound, surgical complication, rupture of infected lesion and bacteraemia
Non-septic - neoplasia, uroperitoneum, bile peritonitis and FIP
When do deciduous teeth erupt in the puppy and kitten?
Puppy - 3-6 weeks
Kitten - 2-8 weeks
When do permanent teeth erupt?
3-6 months
In dentistry, what does mesial mean?
Closest point to the central line
In dentistry, what does distal mean?
Furthest point of tooth from the midline
In dentistry, what does palatal surface mean?
Edge closest to hard palate
In dentistry, what does lingual surface mean?
Edge closest to tongue
In dentistry, what does labial edge mean?
Closest to inside mouth
In dentistry, what does buccal edge mean?
Closest to cheek
What are the three main functions of the periodontium?
Attach, support, protect
What structures form the periodontium?
Alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum and gingiva
What abnormalities should be listed on a dental chart?
Oral mucosae, occlusion
Periodontal disease, missing + extra teeth
Damaged teeth, abscess and tracts
Resorptive lesions, caries
Caries, oral masses
Pre and post Tx
What are the clinical signs of gingivitis?
Gingival inflammation, erythema, swelling/oedema, bleeding
What four factors add up to periodontitis?
Periodontal pocket, gingivitis, furcation involvement, mobility
What is dyschezia?
Difficult or painful defaecation +/- blood
What can cause Dyschezia?
Colonic impaction, perineal hernia, stricture, neoplasia, prostatomegaly, obstipation
What is tenesmus?
Excessive straining to pass stools
What are the signs of colitis?
Soft stools, mucus, fresh blood, generally well animal
What is the treatment for colitis?
Metronidazole, sulfasalazine, high fibre feed, occasional steroids
What is constipation?
Infrequent or difficult passage of stool associated with retention of faeces within the rectum and colon
When is adipose tissue usage increased?
During high activity or sickness
On the 1-9 BCS scale, what does moving up one number indicate?
A 5% increase of body weight
What is considered to be safe weight loss?
1% per week in cats
1-2% per week in dogs
If an animal is scored 9/9 BCS, how overweight are they?
40% overweight
Why do animals normally have an umbilical hernia?
Congenital due to failed embryogenesis
What organs are at risk with an inguinal hernia?
Intestine, bladder and uterus
What signalment is linked to inguinal hernias?
Intact female middle aged dogs
Under 2-year old male dogs
Obesity/pregnancy
What can cause perineal hernias?
Progressive weakening of the pelvic diaphragm, hormonal influence, tenesmus, congenital/acquired weakness, colitis/prostatomegaly
What breeds are predisposed to hiatal hernias?
Brachycephalic breeds, Shar pei
What does PPDH mean?
Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
What are the clinical signs associated with diaphragmatic rupture?
Trauma associated, pale/cyanotic, tachypnoeic/dyspnoeic, tachycardic, occasional cardiac arrythmias, hydrothorax
What is the main reason for acromegaly in cats?
Functional pituitary adenoma
What is the main reason for acromegaly in dogs?
Unneutered females due to elevated progesterone levels in the luteal phase or exogenous progesterone
What are the clinical signs of acromegaly?
Diabetes mellitus risk
PU/PD, polyphagia
Cutaneous thickening, macroglossia, increased dental spacing, prognathism
What are the clinical sign of an insulinoma?
Increased appetite, weight gain, weakness, ataxia, collapse, seizures
What are the 3 stages of insulinomas?
- Pancreas only affected
- Regional lymph nodes metastasis
- Distant metastasis
What are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism?
Dull, lethargic, weight gain, no increased appetite, hypothermia, lots of shedding, alopecia, myxoedema, peripheral neuropathies, hypotension, bradycardia, repro issues
What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?
levothyroxine with or without food (consistent)
