Respiratory Flashcards
where does the trachea bifurcate into lobar bronchi?
T4 (bi-four-cates)
where does the common carotid artery bifurcate into internal and external carotid arteries?
C4
which fissures are on the right side of the lung?
oblique and horizontal
which fissures are on the left side of the lung?
just oblique
how many lobes do each lung have?
right - 3
left - 2
describe the respiratory tree
trachea, left and right main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
innervation of diaphragm
phrenic C3,4,5
what is pleura?
specialised mesothelium lining body cavities
two continuous layers - visceral and parietal
function of pleural fluid
prevents friction when pleura move against each other during inspiration and expiration
upper airways include? function?
nasopharynx to terminal bronchioles
conductive passage for air
lower airways include? function?
respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs
respiratory
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
what is respiratory epithelium? (very likely question)
pseudo stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells
describe inspiration
phrenic and motor intercostal efferent nerves firing increase
diaphragm and external intercostal contract
thoracic volume increases
thoracic pressure decreases
chest wall (pump handle) and ribs (bucket handle) move up and out, pulling parietal pleura too
alveoli expand
Pressure in alveoli decreases to below atmospheric pressure
air moves into alveoli down pressure gradient
describe expiration
decreased impulses to diaphragm and external intercostals
volume of thorax decreases
pressure in thorax increases
alveoli compress and lung pressure increases
pressure in the alveoli increases to above atmospheric pressure
air passively moves out of alveoli down a pressure gradient
which accessory muscles aid active inspiration?
sternocleidomastoid (sternum, clavicle, mastoid process)
serratus anterior
latissimus dorsi
pec major
which accessory muscles aid active expiration?
internal intercostals
abdominal muscles
in which direction does the chest wall have a tendency to move?
in what direction does the lung have a tendency to move?
what structure ensures they both move in the same direction?
out
in
intrapleural space - parietal and visceral pleura move together
what is transpulmonary pressure?
difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure
value of transpulmonary pressure
4mmHg
air in pleural space is called?
pneumothorax
what happens to the transpulmonary pressure and lungs in a pneumothorax?
becomes 0
collapse
two main respiratory brain centres?
medullary
pontine
what are the two divisions of the pontine centre?
apneustic and pneumotaxic
function of the apneustic group
pontine centre
acts on dorsal respiratory group to adjust inspiration and increase inspiratory intensity