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Phase 1 flashcards > Quick SUGER anatomy > Flashcards

Quick SUGER anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how does the inguinal canal travel?

A

medially and inferiorly
from transversalis fascia to external oblique superficially and medially

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2
Q

rings of inguinal canal

A

deep inguinal ring to superficial inguinal ring

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3
Q

contents of inguinal canal in females

A

round ligament of uterus
ilioinguinal nerve
genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

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4
Q

contents of inguinal canal in males

A

spermatic cord
2 nerves
- genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
- sympathetic fibres
3 arteries
- testicular
- cremasteric
- artery to the vas deferens
3 fascial layers
- external spermastic fascia from external oblique aponeurosis
- cremaster muscle and fascia from internal oblique
- internal spermastic fascia from transversalis fascia
4 other structures
- pampiniform venous plexus
- lymphatics
- vas deferens
- processus vaginalis

and ilioinguinal nerve

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5
Q

indirect inguinal hernia

A

contents of abdomen forces through deep inguinal ring into canal
more common

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6
Q

direct inguinal hernia

A

contents forced through posterior wall

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7
Q

thin scrotal muscle

A

dartos

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8
Q

what also surrounds the testes?

A

tunica vaginalis
as well as 3 usual layers

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9
Q

epididymis

A

coiled tube lying along the posterior border of each testis
sperm stored here

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10
Q

where is sperm made and stored?

A

made in testes and stored in epididymis

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11
Q

what does the vas deferens carry?

A

sperm from epididymis

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12
Q

where does venous blood from the testes and epididymis enter?

A

pampiniform venous plexus which forms the testicular vein
right testicular vein enters the IVC
left enters left renal vein

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13
Q

cylinders of penile erectile tissue

A

two dorsal corpora cavernosa
one ventral corpus spongiosum

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14
Q

what is the glans

A

end of penis
expansion of corpus spongiosum

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15
Q

penile fascia

A

buck’s fascia
deep fascia of the penis

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16
Q

where does the penile urethra lie?

A

within corpus spongiosum

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17
Q

opening of urethra

A

external urethral meatus

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18
Q

arterial supply to penis

A

penile arteries from internal pudendal from internal iliac

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19
Q

nerve supply to penis

A

S2-4
sympathetic - dorsal nerve of the penis from pudendal
parasympathetic - erection - peri-prostatic nerve plexus

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20
Q

which tissue erects penis and how

A

corpus cavernosa
arterial blood flow increases

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21
Q

function of corpus spongiosum

A

prevent urethra from being compresses during erection so ejaculation can occur

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22
Q

arterial supply to adrenal glands

A

superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries

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23
Q

venous drainage of adrenal glands

A

right adrenal vein drains into IVC
left drains into left renal vein then IVC

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24
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce

A

steroid hormones
cortisol
aldosterne
testosterone

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25
Q

what does adrenal medulla produce

A

adrenaline

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26
Q

layers outside kidney, deep to superficial

A

perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat

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27
Q

renal arterial supply and venous drainage

A

arterial supply - right and left renal arteries drom abdominal aorta
venous drainage - right and left renal veins drain into IVC

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28
Q

renal sinus

A

between minor calyces

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29
Q

kidney stone pain

A

T12 to L2

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30
Q

where are kidney stones likely?

A

PUJ
pelvic brim
VUJ

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31
Q

muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A

psoas and quadratus lumborum

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32
Q

lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4
and T12 contricutes
on posterior abdominal wall and thigh

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33
Q

branches of lumbar plexus

A

iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
genitofermoral nerve
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
femoral nerve
obturator nerve

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34
Q

where does the abdominal aorta descend?

A

left of midline

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35
Q

how does aorta terminate?

A

L4
bifurcates into left and right common liliac arteries

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36
Q

paired branches of abdominal aorta

A

renal
adrenal
gonadal
lumbar

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37
Q

what forms IVC

A

union of left and right common iliac veins at L5

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38
Q

where does IVC ascend?

A

right of midline

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39
Q

which bones form the hip bone

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

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40
Q

joints of hip

A

hip joint - femur and acetabulum of pelvis
sacroiliac joint - sacrum and ilium
pubic symphisis
lumbosacral - 5th lumbar vertebrae and sacrum with an intervertebral disc between
sacrococcygeal joint - sacrum and coccyx

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41
Q

pelvic landmarks

A

iliac crest - lumbar punctures
intercristal line
intertubecular line
iliac tubercle - most lateral part, divides suprapubic and umbilical regions
pubic tubercle - most medial parts of pubic bone
midinguinal point - mid point btween ASIS to pubic symphysis
Mc Burneys point - 2/3 from umbilicus to ASIS
ASIS - most anterior part
AIIS
superior pubic ramis
inferior pubic ramus
acetabulum

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42
Q

where does the inguinal ligament run from?

A

ASIS to pubic tubercle

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43
Q

where is femoral artery palpable?

A

mid inguinal point

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44
Q

male vs female pelvis

A

female
- wider circular pelvic inlet vs hear shaped in males
- obtuse angle formed by inferior pubic rami in females, acute in males
- wider and shorter sacrum in females

45
Q

blood supply to bladder

A

vesical arteries in both sexes
prostate and seminal vesicles in males

46
Q

nerves of sacral plexus

A

sciatic - L4-S3 - supplies lower limb
pudendal nerve - S2-4 - major nerve of perineum
superior and inferior gluteal nerves - gluteal region
pelvic splanchnic nerves - pelvic viscera

47
Q

function of pelvic floor muscles

A

prevent inferior herniation
urine and faeces continence
increase intra-abdominal pressure

48
Q

two muscles of pelvic floor

A

levator ani - split into 3 paired muscles
- puborectalis for micturition and defacation, most anterior levator ani
- pubococcygeus
- iliococcygeus which actually attaches to spines of ischium not ilium
coccygeus

49
Q

innervation of levator ani

A

S2-4

50
Q

perineum

A

between the medial surfaces of the thighs
diamond shaped
2 triangles

51
Q

triangles of perineum

A

anal and urogenital
anal is posterior

52
Q

layers of urogenital triangle

A

skin
perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch

53
Q

what is the superficial perineal pouch

A

potential space containing erectile tissues of penis or clitoris
and 3 muscles
- ischiocavernosus
- bulbospongiosus
- superficial transverse perineal muscles

54
Q

what supports the attachments of ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus?

A

perineal membrane

55
Q

what is the deep perineal pouch?

A

potential space between the perineal membrane and pelvic floor muscles
contains external urethral sphincter

56
Q

what sits between the two perineal triangles and what is its function?

A

perineal body
attachment for almost all perineal and pelvic floor muscles

57
Q

what does the superficial perineal pouch contain?

A

erectile tissue that forms the clitoris or penis - corpora cavernosa

58
Q

parts of the cropora cavernosa attached to the ischial ramus

A

crura
crura of the clitoris
crura of the penis

59
Q

where does the corpus spongiosum sit?

A

midline

60
Q

bulb of the penis

A

part of the corpus spongiosum sitting on the perineal membrane

61
Q

what tissue forms bulb of the vestibule?

A

corpus spongiosum
also called bulb of the clitoris

62
Q

function of ischiocavernosus muscles

A

cover corpora cavernosa
stabilise erect penis and clitoris

63
Q

function of bulbospongiosus muscle

A

cover corpora spongiosum
in males, maintains erection and squeezes remaining semen or urine
in females, maintains clitoral erection

64
Q

arterial supply of perineeum

A

internal pudendal artery

65
Q

perineum nerve

A

pudendal
S2-S4

66
Q

how do the internal pudendal artery and pudendal nerve enter the perineum?

A

greater and lesser sciatic foramina of the pelvis

67
Q

seminal vesicle

A

secrete seminal fluid - thick alkaline fluid

68
Q

how does vas deferens terminate?

A

joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

69
Q

prostate

A

lies against neck of bladder
pierced by urethra and ejaculatory ducts
secretions of the prostate are added to the seminal fluid

70
Q

parts of uterus

A

fundus, body, cervix

71
Q

where does the blastocyst implant?

A

endometrium of uterus body

72
Q

broad ligament

A

pouch of peritoneum adhering to itself at the sides of the uterus to form the broad ligament

73
Q

space behind the uterus but anterior to the rectum

A

rectouterine pouch
pouch of Douglas
deepest part of peritoneal cavity

74
Q

internal os

A

communication between the cervix and uterine cavity

75
Q

external os

A

communication between the cervix and vagina

76
Q

vaginal fornices

A

protrusion of the cervix into the vagina

77
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A

fallopian tubes/ uterine tubes

78
Q

fallopian tube anatomy

A

10cm
near broad ligament
funnel shaped infundibulum laterally
free edge of infundibulum is broken up into fibriae which drape over ovary

79
Q

ovaries

A

attached to broad ligament by mesovarium
frequently lie in ovarian fossa
- angle between internal and external iliac arteries

80
Q

where does the vagina terminate?

A

introitus
space between the labia minora

81
Q

how much of the vagina lies in the perineum and pelvic cavity?

A

upper 2/3 in pelvic cavity
lower 1/3 in perineum

82
Q

blood supply of most pelvic organs

A

internal iliac artery

83
Q

vulva

A

collective name for external female genitalia

84
Q

vulval blood supply

A

internal pudendal arteries
branches of internal iliac arteries

85
Q

innevration of erectile tissues

A

parasympathetic

86
Q

innervation of vulva

A

4 nerve
- genital branch of genitofemoral
- ilioinguinal
- pudendal
- posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

87
Q

mons pubis

A

mound of fatty tissue in front of the pubic symphisis
hairy

88
Q

labia majora

A

hair breaing folds of skin meeting at the mons pubis anteriorly

89
Q

labia minora

A

hairless
medial to labia majora
fuse anteriorly to form the hood of the clitoris
form the boundaries of the vestibule

90
Q

what tissues form clitoris

A

corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiosum

91
Q

vestibule

A

area between labia minora
contains vaginal opening, urinary meatus and vestibular glands

92
Q

urinary meatus

A

urethral opening
posterior to clitoris, anterior to vagina

93
Q

vestibular glands

A

greater
- Bartholin’s glands
- posterior to vaginal opening
- secrete lubricant during arousal

lesser
- Skene’s glands
- lie near urethral opening
- maybe lubricate vaginal opening or urethra
- maybe antimicrobial

94
Q

arteries and veins of urinary bladder

A

vesical arteries
vesical veins
both from internal iliac!

95
Q

how much urine can bladder store?

A

400-600ml

96
Q

where do ureters enter bladder?

A

trigone at an angle

97
Q

folds of mucosa in bladder

A

rugae

98
Q

which muscle forcibly expels urine?

A

detrusor

99
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

smooth muscle
involuntary

100
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

skeletal muscle
volunary
just after prostate in males
deep perineal pouch of females

101
Q

somatic innervation of urinary bladder and urethral sphincters

A

pudendal nerve S2-4

102
Q

sympathetic innervation of urinary bladder and urethral sphincters

A

sympathetic chain
relaxation of detrusor and contraction of internal urethral sphincter

103
Q

parasympathetic innervation of urinary bladder and urethral sphincters

A

pelvic splanchnics
S2-S4
contraction of detrusor, relaxation of internal urethral sphincter
micturition occurs

104
Q

bladder stretch reflex

A

sacral micturition centre in sacral spinal cord
bladder filling detected and relayed here
bladder contraction stimulated
inhibited by cerebral cortex in adults
consider a lesion above or below the sacral level
above
- not aware of filling
- cannot contract external sphincters
- incontinence, bladder automatically empties as it fills
below
- reflex still functional
- reflex disrupted
- internal sphincter permanently contracted
- pressure in bladder eventually overcomes internal sphincter
overflow incontinence or urinary retention

105
Q

flexures of rectum

A

sacral and anorectal

106
Q

anal sphincters

A

involuntary smooth muscle internal
voluntary external skeletal muscle

107
Q

pectinate line

A

dentate line
divides superior and inferior anal canal
superior
- endoderm
- hindgut
- superior rectal artery from inferior mesenteric artery
- portal system towards liver
- columnar epithelium
- internal voluntary sphincter - sympathetic trunk and pelvic splancnics
inferior
- ectoderm
- middle and inferior rectal arteries from internal iliac
- drained systemically
- stratified squamous
- external voluntary sphincter - pudendal nerve

108
Q

haemorrhoids

A

painless above the pectinate line
painful below

Phase 1 flashcards (27 decks)

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