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Phase 1 flashcards > quick histology flashcards > Flashcards

quick histology flashcards

1
Q

cells lining lymphatics

A

simple squamous

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2
Q

function of simple squamous

A

allow materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration
secretes lubricant

endothelium
mesothelium
peritoneum

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3
Q

location and function of simple cuboidal

A

ducts
secretory portions of small glands
kidney tubules

secrete and absorb

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4
Q

location and function of simple columnar

A

ciliated tissue - bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus
non ciliated - digestive tract and bladder

absorbs and secretes mucus and enzymes

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5
Q

location and function of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

ciliated - respiratory epithelia

secrete and move mucus

conducting airways

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6
Q

location and function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

oesophagus
mouth
vagina

protect against abrasion

may be keratinised
- skin

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7
Q

location and function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

sweat glands
salivary glands
mammary glands

protective tissue

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8
Q

location and function of stratified columnar epithelium

A

male urethra
ducts of some glands

secretes and protects

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9
Q

location and function of urothelium

A

bladder, urethra, ureters

allows urinary organs to expand and stretch

umbrella cells

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10
Q

haematoxylin and eosin

A

basic structures stained pink
acidic structures stained blue

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11
Q

PAS

A

magenta
stains complex carbohydrates
PAS positive
- mucin from goblet cells of gastro and resp basement membranes
- brush borders
- cartilage, collagen, glycogen

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12
Q

osmium

A

staines lipids
myelinated neurons

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13
Q

van gieson

A

elastic brown

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14
Q

alcian blue

A

mucins

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15
Q

giemsa

A

blood cells

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16
Q

perls prussian blue

A

iron

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17
Q

fusiform cells

A

muscle is example

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18
Q

microfilaments

A

actin

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19
Q

microtubules

A

tubulin
alpha and beta tubulin

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20
Q

desmosomes

A

connect cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

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21
Q

origin of connective tissue cells

A

mesenchymal cells
undifferentiated

examples
- fibroblast
- fat cells
- most cartilage and bone cells

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22
Q

constituents of connective tissues

A

cells
- fibroblasts
- adipose cells
visible fibres
- collagen
- reticulin
ground substance
- proteoglycans
- glycosaminoglycans

basically - cells, matrix, fibres

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23
Q

collagen

A

precursor (tropocollagen) secreted from fibroblasts
tropocollagen is a triple helix of peptides

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24
Q

types of collagen

A

1
skin
2
cartilage
3
liver, bone marrow, spleen (reticulin)
4
basement membrane
5
placenta

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25
Q

reticulin

A

type 3 collagen
fibrillar
supporting scaffold for organs
- liver
- kidney
- lymph node
- spleen
- bone marrow

silver stain

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26
Q

cartilage

A

cells
chondroblasts and chondrocytes

extracellular matrix
- glycosaminoglycans - hyaluronic acid
- proteoglycans

extracellular fibres
- collagen
- elastin

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27
Q

is cartilage vascular?

A

no

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28
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline
- synovial joints
- no visible fibres
- glassy amorphous matrix
elastic
- pinna
- epiglottis
- visible elastic fibres
fibrocartilage
- pubic symphisis
- annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs
- visible collagen fibres

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29
Q

silver stain

A

elastic fibres

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30
Q

what is cartilage bound in?

A

perichondrium
- fibroblasts and collagen

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31
Q

synovium

A

lines inside of synovial joint capsule
synovial cells, 1-4 layers
type A
- phagocytes
type B
- rich in RER
richly vascular and innervated

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32
Q

what type of muscle is diaphragm?

A

skeletal

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33
Q

contractile cells

A

pericytes
myo-fibroblasts
myo-epithelial cells

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34
Q

what do fibroblasts produce?

A

collagen
elastins
other proteins

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35
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

kidney
liver

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36
Q

do veins have an external elastic lamina?

A

NO

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37
Q

lymphatics

A

eosinophilic lymph
valves
maybe WBC
no RBC

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38
Q

myelinated peripheral nerves

A

endoneurium between axons
perineurium surrounds groups of axons to form fascicles
epineurium binds fascicles to form nerve fibres

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39
Q

what stains myelin?

A

silver stain
axons stain

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40
Q

how many Schwann cells per axon?
how many axons per schwann cell?

A

multiple
one

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41
Q

where are motor neuron cell bodies?

A

grey matter of spinal cord

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42
Q

where are sensory neuron cell bodies?

A

dorsal root ganglia

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43
Q

where are sympathetic neuron cell bodies?

A

grey matter of spinal cord and adjacent sympathetic ganglia

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44
Q

where are parasympathetic cell bodies?

A

brain and local ganglia

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45
Q

what type of cell is pericardium?

A

mesothelial

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46
Q

myocardium

A

intercalated discs
striated
central nuclei
branching

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47
Q

intercalated discs

A

specialised connections between myocytes that form chains
connect actin filaments of adjacent myocytes
gap junction, adhering junctions, desmosomes

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48
Q

what do cardiac muscle have in common with skeletal?

A

striated

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49
Q

hat does smooth muscle have in common with cardiac

A

central nuclei

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50
Q

connective tissue between cardiac muscle fibres

A

endomysium

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51
Q

what do atrial myocytes contain?

A

perinuclear neuroendocrine granules

release ANP

52
Q

layers of valves

A

fibrosa
- dense fibrous CT
spongiosa
- loose fibrous CT
ventricularis
- collagen and elastin

53
Q

spectrin

A

in erythrocyte membrane
maintains cell shape

54
Q

least coommon blood cell

A

basophil

55
Q

neutrophil

A

multilobed nucleus
granular cytoplasm
phagocytic
myeloperoxidase for respiratory burst

56
Q

are monocytes granular?

A

no

57
Q

neutrophil granules

A

primary
- lyzosomoes - myeloperoxidase, acid hydrolases
secondary
- secrete substances that mobilise inflammatory mediators
tertiary
- gelatinases and adhesion molecules

58
Q

eosinophil appearance

A

bilobed nucleus
large red cytoplasmic granules with crystalline inclusions
antagonist to basophils and mast cells
phagocytic
IgE receptor on surface
neutralise histamine
increase in parasitic infection
charcoot leyden crystals

59
Q

basophils

A

granules contain histamine
inflammatory reactions
hard to see nucleus
IgE receptors
release histamine
allergic response

60
Q

B vs T cells

A

B - become plasma cells and secrete antiboodies

T - cell mediated immunity

look the same

61
Q

types of lymphocyte

A

B cells
- antibodies

T helper
- help B cells
- activate macrophages

T cytotoxic
- kill previously marked target cells

T suppressor
- supress th cells
- slow immune response

natural killer
- kill virus infected cells

62
Q

cells with reniform nucleus

A

monocyte

63
Q

what do monocytes differentiate into?

A

macrophages
kuppfeer cells
osteoclasts
apcs

64
Q

haematopoeisis

A

.
see pictures
WBC - next to bone
RBC - between bony trabeculae

65
Q

myeloblast

A

produces basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

66
Q

lymphocyte production
erythrocyte

A

bone marrow then lymph nodes/ thymus
bone marrow

67
Q

lining of nasal sinuses

A

respiratory epithelium

68
Q

vocal cord histology

A

stratified squamous epithelium overlying loose irregular fibrous tissue (Reinke’s space)

69
Q

muscle in trachea

A

trachealis posteriorly

70
Q

clara cells

A

unknown function
mostly terminal bronchioles
secretoory granules
no cilia

71
Q

epithelium of respiratory bronchioles

A

cuboidal ciliated epithelium

72
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

40% cell population
90% surface area
flat cells, flat nucleus

73
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

A

60% cell population
10% area
rounded cells
round nucleus
rich in organelles
surfactant

74
Q

how do alveolar macrophages leave?

A

lymphatics
mucociliary escalator

75
Q

pores of Kohn

A

equalise pressure between adjacent alveoli

76
Q

layers of GI tract

A

epithelium
basement membrane
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
submucosa
inner circular muscle
outer longitudinal muscle
adventitia and or serosa

stomach has innermost oblique layer under inner circular layer

77
Q

define lobule

A

area drained by one hepatic venule

78
Q

lobule vs acinus

A

lobule - based on blood drainage
acinus - based on blood supply
- diamond with portal triads at short ends, veins on long ends

79
Q

can liver cells be binucleate?

A

yes
with prominent nucleoli

80
Q

hepatocyte surfaces

A

sinusoidal
- permits exchange of material with blood
- space of disse

canalicular
- permits bile excretion

intercellular
- between one hepatocyte and the next

81
Q

space of disse

A

permits exchange of material with blood
contain reticulin and Ito cells (stem cells) - hepatic stellate cells
space between hepatocyte and sinusoid

82
Q

sinusoids

A

thin, discontinuous fenestrated endothelium
no basement membrane

83
Q

intrahepatic biliary tree

A

simple cuboidal to columnar because the height of the biliary epithelium increases as the size of the duct increases
therefore extrahepatic ducts are lined by simple columnar epithelium

canaliculi- bile ductules -trabecular ducts- bile ducts

84
Q

gallbladder mucosa

A

simple columnar
microvilli
folds
connective tissue - lamina propria

85
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

enzyme and bicarbonate
fibrous capsule
septa divide glands into lobules
epithelial cells arranged in acini
zymogen granules apically
rich in RER basally

86
Q

exocrine pancreas ducts

A

centroacinar cells
intercalated ducts
interlobular ducts
main pancreatic duct

interlobular = cuboidal epithelium
to
columnar in main pancreatic duct

87
Q

what do we mainly find in renal cortex?

A

glomeruli
PCT
DCT

also find medullary rays
- LOH and CD from nephrons with renal corpuscles in outer part of cortex

88
Q

medulla of kidney

A

LOH
blood vessels

89
Q

what supports glomerulus?

A

mesangial cells between capillaries

90
Q

granular cells

A

afferent arteriole
secrete renin

91
Q

macula densa

A

dct
nacl
tubuloglomerular feedback

92
Q

epithelium of PCT

A

simple cuboidal
central/ basal nuclei - round
brush boder
eosinophilic due to many mitochondria

93
Q

LOH histology

A

descending and ascending limbs both have thick and thin segments
thin - simple squamous
thick - low cuboidal
rich vasa recta

94
Q

PCT vs DCT

A

PCT has prominent microvilli

95
Q

function of DCT

A

regulates Na level by exchanging Na for K
mediated by aldosterone

96
Q

collecting duct

A

plumper epithelium than LOH
round central nuclei
principal cells
- respond to aldosterone and ADH
intercalated cells
- exchange H for HCO3-
function
- water reabsorption (aquapoorin 2)
- Na balance (exchange Na for K)
- acid base balance (exchange H+ fr HCO3-)

97
Q

types of cell in collecting duct

A

principal and intercalated
principal
- respind to aldosterone and ADH
intercalated
- exchange protons for HCO3-

98
Q

kidney blood supply

A

abdominal aorta
renal artery at L1
anterior and posterior division
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
interlobular artery
afferent arteriole

99
Q

kidney venous drainage

A

efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
descend into medulla
vasa rcta
renal veins
IVC

100
Q

lining of renal pelvis cells

A

urothelium

101
Q

urothelium

A

collection/ drainage part of urinary tract
complex stratified epithelium
umbrella cells overlie pseudostratified polygonal cells
tight junctions
cuboidal basal layer

102
Q

rrangement of muscle in ureter

A

inner longitudinal
outer circular
opposite to GI

no seroosa
loose adventitia

103
Q

bladder

A

urothelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propria
subserosa
serosa

104
Q

lamina propria

A

connective tissue found under the thin layer of tissues covering a mucous membrane

105
Q

female urethra

A

proximally transitional epithelium
distally squamous epithelium
paraurethral and periurethral glands open into urethra
4-5cm

106
Q

male urethra

A

20cm
1. prostatic urethra
- passes through prostate
- urothelium
2. membranous
- urothelium
3. penile
- pseudostratified epithelium proximally
- stratified squamous distally

107
Q

urothelium

A

the urothelium is a stratified epithelium comprised of three distinct cell layers: the superficial layer, populated by a single layer of umbrella cells; the intermediate cell layer, which can be one-to-several layers thick depending on species; and the basal cell layer, which is one cell layer thick

108
Q

urothelium is in…

A

renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra

109
Q

testis capsule

A

tunia vaginalis - mesothelium, parietal and visceral layer
tunica albuginea - collagen fibres with fibroblasts, myocytes and nerve fibres
tunica vasculosa - loose connective tissue

110
Q

path of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules
terminal sections of seminiferous tubules
straight tubules
rete testis
efferent ducts
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra

111
Q

testis

A

parenchyma divided into lobules by septa originating from the capsule
250 lobules
each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules

112
Q

what is parenchyma

A

actually carries out the function

113
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

contain germ cells in varying stages of maturation and Sertoli cells

114
Q

types of spermatogonia

A

Type Ad, Ap and B
Ad - stain dark
Ap - stain pale
B - spherical nuclei with densely stained masses of chromatin

type a pale form type b

115
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
spermatozoon

116
Q

sertoli cells

A

columnar cells on basement membrane of the tubule
differentiate from germ cells
- ireggular nuclei
- prominent nucleolus
supportive, phagocytic and secetory functions
eosinophilic

117
Q

spermatozoa structure

A

heead
- acrosomal cap
- nucleus

midpiece
- spiral mitochondria wrapped around axoneme for motility

tail
- neck - centrioles
- axoneme surrounded by plasma membrane

118
Q

leydig cells

A

testosterone
between tubules

119
Q

rete testis

A

anastomosing network of tubules at the hilum of the testis
recieve luminal contents from seminiferoous tubules
lined by simple squamous or low columnar epithelium on basement membrane
cilia on luminal surface
mixing chamber
reabsorbtion of protein

120
Q

epididymis

A

lineed by tall columnar epithelial cells
long atypical cilia
well defined muscle coat

121
Q

vas deferens

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium
columnar and basal cells
muscular wall 3 layers thick

122
Q

prostate

A

surround bladder neck and prostatic urethra
anterior, middle, posterior and two lateral lobes
peripheral, centra, transitional and peri-urethral gland regions
capsule
large primary and small secondary ducts

123
Q

prostatic acini

A

lined by secretory cells, basal cells and neuroendocrine cells

124
Q

seminal vesicles

A

paired, coiled tubular structures posterolateral to bladder
duct empties into ejaculatory duct
lined by tall non- ciliated columnar epithelium
2 layers of smooth muscle

125
Q

where is sperm produced

A

seminiferous tubules

126
Q

where is bulk of seminal fluid produced?

A

prostate, semeinal vesicles, cowpers glands

Phase 1 flashcards (27 decks)

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