quick histology flashcards
cells lining lymphatics
simple squamous
function of simple squamous
allow materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration
secretes lubricant
endothelium
mesothelium
peritoneum
location and function of simple cuboidal
ducts
secretory portions of small glands
kidney tubules
secrete and absorb
location and function of simple columnar
ciliated tissue - bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus
non ciliated - digestive tract and bladder
absorbs and secretes mucus and enzymes
location and function of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
ciliated - respiratory epithelia
secrete and move mucus
conducting airways
location and function of stratified squamous epithelium
oesophagus
mouth
vagina
protect against abrasion
may be keratinised
- skin
location and function of stratified cuboidal epithelium
sweat glands
salivary glands
mammary glands
protective tissue
location and function of stratified columnar epithelium
male urethra
ducts of some glands
secretes and protects
location and function of urothelium
bladder, urethra, ureters
allows urinary organs to expand and stretch
umbrella cells
haematoxylin and eosin
basic structures stained pink
acidic structures stained blue
PAS
magenta
stains complex carbohydrates
PAS positive
- mucin from goblet cells of gastro and resp basement membranes
- brush borders
- cartilage, collagen, glycogen
osmium
staines lipids
myelinated neurons
van gieson
elastic brown
alcian blue
mucins
giemsa
blood cells
perls prussian blue
iron
fusiform cells
muscle is example
microfilaments
actin
microtubules
tubulin
alpha and beta tubulin
desmosomes
connect cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
origin of connective tissue cells
mesenchymal cells
undifferentiated
examples
- fibroblast
- fat cells
- most cartilage and bone cells
constituents of connective tissues
cells
- fibroblasts
- adipose cells
visible fibres
- collagen
- reticulin
ground substance
- proteoglycans
- glycosaminoglycans
basically - cells, matrix, fibres
collagen
precursor (tropocollagen) secreted from fibroblasts
tropocollagen is a triple helix of peptides
types of collagen
1
skin
2
cartilage
3
liver, bone marrow, spleen (reticulin)
4
basement membrane
5
placenta
reticulin
type 3 collagen
fibrillar
supporting scaffold for organs
- liver
- kidney
- lymph node
- spleen
- bone marrow
silver stain
cartilage
cells
chondroblasts and chondrocytes
extracellular matrix
- glycosaminoglycans - hyaluronic acid
- proteoglycans
extracellular fibres
- collagen
- elastin
is cartilage vascular?
no
types of cartilage
hyaline
- synovial joints
- no visible fibres
- glassy amorphous matrix
elastic
- pinna
- epiglottis
- visible elastic fibres
fibrocartilage
- pubic symphisis
- annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs
- visible collagen fibres
silver stain
elastic fibres
what is cartilage bound in?
perichondrium
- fibroblasts and collagen
synovium
lines inside of synovial joint capsule
synovial cells, 1-4 layers
type A
- phagocytes
type B
- rich in RER
richly vascular and innervated
what type of muscle is diaphragm?
skeletal
contractile cells
pericytes
myo-fibroblasts
myo-epithelial cells
what do fibroblasts produce?
collagen
elastins
other proteins
fenestrated capillaries
kidney
liver
do veins have an external elastic lamina?
NO
lymphatics
eosinophilic lymph
valves
maybe WBC
no RBC
myelinated peripheral nerves
endoneurium between axons
perineurium surrounds groups of axons to form fascicles
epineurium binds fascicles to form nerve fibres
what stains myelin?
silver stain
axons stain
how many Schwann cells per axon?
how many axons per schwann cell?
multiple
one
where are motor neuron cell bodies?
grey matter of spinal cord
where are sensory neuron cell bodies?
dorsal root ganglia
where are sympathetic neuron cell bodies?
grey matter of spinal cord and adjacent sympathetic ganglia
where are parasympathetic cell bodies?
brain and local ganglia
what type of cell is pericardium?
mesothelial
myocardium
intercalated discs
striated
central nuclei
branching
intercalated discs
specialised connections between myocytes that form chains
connect actin filaments of adjacent myocytes
gap junction, adhering junctions, desmosomes
what do cardiac muscle have in common with skeletal?
striated
hat does smooth muscle have in common with cardiac
central nuclei
connective tissue between cardiac muscle fibres
endomysium
what do atrial myocytes contain?
perinuclear neuroendocrine granules
release ANP
layers of valves
fibrosa
- dense fibrous CT
spongiosa
- loose fibrous CT
ventricularis
- collagen and elastin
spectrin
in erythrocyte membrane
maintains cell shape
least coommon blood cell
basophil
neutrophil
multilobed nucleus
granular cytoplasm
phagocytic
myeloperoxidase for respiratory burst
are monocytes granular?
no
neutrophil granules
primary
- lyzosomoes - myeloperoxidase, acid hydrolases
secondary
- secrete substances that mobilise inflammatory mediators
tertiary
- gelatinases and adhesion molecules
eosinophil appearance
bilobed nucleus
large red cytoplasmic granules with crystalline inclusions
antagonist to basophils and mast cells
phagocytic
IgE receptor on surface
neutralise histamine
increase in parasitic infection
charcoot leyden crystals
basophils
granules contain histamine
inflammatory reactions
hard to see nucleus
IgE receptors
release histamine
allergic response
B vs T cells
B - become plasma cells and secrete antiboodies
T - cell mediated immunity
look the same
types of lymphocyte
B cells
- antibodies
T helper
- help B cells
- activate macrophages
T cytotoxic
- kill previously marked target cells
T suppressor
- supress th cells
- slow immune response
natural killer
- kill virus infected cells
cells with reniform nucleus
monocyte
what do monocytes differentiate into?
macrophages
kuppfeer cells
osteoclasts
apcs
haematopoeisis
.
see pictures
WBC - next to bone
RBC - between bony trabeculae
myeloblast
produces basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes
lymphocyte production
erythrocyte
bone marrow then lymph nodes/ thymus
bone marrow
lining of nasal sinuses
respiratory epithelium
vocal cord histology
stratified squamous epithelium overlying loose irregular fibrous tissue (Reinke’s space)
muscle in trachea
trachealis posteriorly
clara cells
unknown function
mostly terminal bronchioles
secretoory granules
no cilia
epithelium of respiratory bronchioles
cuboidal ciliated epithelium
type 1 pneumocytes
40% cell population
90% surface area
flat cells, flat nucleus
type 2 pneumocytes
60% cell population
10% area
rounded cells
round nucleus
rich in organelles
surfactant
how do alveolar macrophages leave?
lymphatics
mucociliary escalator
pores of Kohn
equalise pressure between adjacent alveoli
layers of GI tract
epithelium
basement membrane
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
submucosa
inner circular muscle
outer longitudinal muscle
adventitia and or serosa
stomach has innermost oblique layer under inner circular layer
define lobule
area drained by one hepatic venule
lobule vs acinus
lobule - based on blood drainage
acinus - based on blood supply
- diamond with portal triads at short ends, veins on long ends
can liver cells be binucleate?
yes
with prominent nucleoli
hepatocyte surfaces
sinusoidal
- permits exchange of material with blood
- space of disse
canalicular
- permits bile excretion
intercellular
- between one hepatocyte and the next
space of disse
permits exchange of material with blood
contain reticulin and Ito cells (stem cells) - hepatic stellate cells
space between hepatocyte and sinusoid
sinusoids
thin, discontinuous fenestrated endothelium
no basement membrane
intrahepatic biliary tree
simple cuboidal to columnar because the height of the biliary epithelium increases as the size of the duct increases
therefore extrahepatic ducts are lined by simple columnar epithelium
canaliculi- bile ductules -trabecular ducts- bile ducts
gallbladder mucosa
simple columnar
microvilli
folds
connective tissue - lamina propria
exocrine pancreas
enzyme and bicarbonate
fibrous capsule
septa divide glands into lobules
epithelial cells arranged in acini
zymogen granules apically
rich in RER basally
exocrine pancreas ducts
centroacinar cells
intercalated ducts
interlobular ducts
main pancreatic duct
interlobular = cuboidal epithelium
to
columnar in main pancreatic duct
what do we mainly find in renal cortex?
glomeruli
PCT
DCT
also find medullary rays
- LOH and CD from nephrons with renal corpuscles in outer part of cortex
medulla of kidney
LOH
blood vessels
what supports glomerulus?
mesangial cells between capillaries
granular cells
afferent arteriole
secrete renin
macula densa
dct
nacl
tubuloglomerular feedback
epithelium of PCT
simple cuboidal
central/ basal nuclei - round
brush boder
eosinophilic due to many mitochondria
LOH histology
descending and ascending limbs both have thick and thin segments
thin - simple squamous
thick - low cuboidal
rich vasa recta
PCT vs DCT
PCT has prominent microvilli
function of DCT
regulates Na level by exchanging Na for K
mediated by aldosterone
collecting duct
plumper epithelium than LOH
round central nuclei
principal cells
- respond to aldosterone and ADH
intercalated cells
- exchange H for HCO3-
function
- water reabsorption (aquapoorin 2)
- Na balance (exchange Na for K)
- acid base balance (exchange H+ fr HCO3-)
types of cell in collecting duct
principal and intercalated
principal
- respind to aldosterone and ADH
intercalated
- exchange protons for HCO3-
kidney blood supply
abdominal aorta
renal artery at L1
anterior and posterior division
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
interlobular artery
afferent arteriole
kidney venous drainage
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
descend into medulla
vasa rcta
renal veins
IVC
lining of renal pelvis cells
urothelium
urothelium
collection/ drainage part of urinary tract
complex stratified epithelium
umbrella cells overlie pseudostratified polygonal cells
tight junctions
cuboidal basal layer
rrangement of muscle in ureter
inner longitudinal
outer circular
opposite to GI
no seroosa
loose adventitia
bladder
urothelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propria
subserosa
serosa
lamina propria
connective tissue found under the thin layer of tissues covering a mucous membrane
female urethra
proximally transitional epithelium
distally squamous epithelium
paraurethral and periurethral glands open into urethra
4-5cm
male urethra
20cm
1. prostatic urethra
- passes through prostate
- urothelium
2. membranous
- urothelium
3. penile
- pseudostratified epithelium proximally
- stratified squamous distally
urothelium
the urothelium is a stratified epithelium comprised of three distinct cell layers: the superficial layer, populated by a single layer of umbrella cells; the intermediate cell layer, which can be one-to-several layers thick depending on species; and the basal cell layer, which is one cell layer thick
urothelium is in…
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra
testis capsule
tunia vaginalis - mesothelium, parietal and visceral layer
tunica albuginea - collagen fibres with fibroblasts, myocytes and nerve fibres
tunica vasculosa - loose connective tissue
path of sperm
seminiferous tubules
terminal sections of seminiferous tubules
straight tubules
rete testis
efferent ducts
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
testis
parenchyma divided into lobules by septa originating from the capsule
250 lobules
each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules
what is parenchyma
actually carries out the function
seminiferous tubules
contain germ cells in varying stages of maturation and Sertoli cells
types of spermatogonia
Type Ad, Ap and B
Ad - stain dark
Ap - stain pale
B - spherical nuclei with densely stained masses of chromatin
type a pale form type b
spermatogenesis
spermatogonia
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
spermatozoon
sertoli cells
columnar cells on basement membrane of the tubule
differentiate from germ cells
- ireggular nuclei
- prominent nucleolus
supportive, phagocytic and secetory functions
eosinophilic
spermatozoa structure
heead
- acrosomal cap
- nucleus
midpiece
- spiral mitochondria wrapped around axoneme for motility
tail
- neck - centrioles
- axoneme surrounded by plasma membrane
leydig cells
testosterone
between tubules
rete testis
anastomosing network of tubules at the hilum of the testis
recieve luminal contents from seminiferoous tubules
lined by simple squamous or low columnar epithelium on basement membrane
cilia on luminal surface
mixing chamber
reabsorbtion of protein
epididymis
lineed by tall columnar epithelial cells
long atypical cilia
well defined muscle coat
vas deferens
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
columnar and basal cells
muscular wall 3 layers thick
prostate
surround bladder neck and prostatic urethra
anterior, middle, posterior and two lateral lobes
peripheral, centra, transitional and peri-urethral gland regions
capsule
large primary and small secondary ducts
prostatic acini
lined by secretory cells, basal cells and neuroendocrine cells
seminal vesicles
paired, coiled tubular structures posterolateral to bladder
duct empties into ejaculatory duct
lined by tall non- ciliated columnar epithelium
2 layers of smooth muscle
where is sperm produced
seminiferous tubules
where is bulk of seminal fluid produced?
prostate, semeinal vesicles, cowpers glands
