Respiration System

Question 1

ventilation

Answer 1

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and alveolar gas

Question 2

diffusion

Answer 2

exchange of gases across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream or exchange of gases between circulatory system and bloodstream

Question 3

circulation

Answer 3

exchange of gases between circulatory systems and body cells

Question 4

external respiration

Answer 4

takes place in lungs, involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecule between air and blood

Question 5

internal respiration

Answer 5

takes place within the body and involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the blood and tissue fluids

Question 6

pleural cavity

Answer 6

membrane surrounding lungs, reduces friction from thoraic cavity (chest cavity)

Question 7

exhalation

Answer 7

diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, chest volume decreases. This causes pressure in the lungs to increase (greater pressure in lungs than atmospheric pressure) air moves out

Question 8

inhalation

Answer 8

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, chest volume increases. The pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure, air moves into lungs

Question 9

what % of each gases are inhaled?

Answer 9

O2 = 21%
CO2 = 0.04%
N2 = 78%

Question 10

what % of each gas is exhaled?

Answer 10

O2 = 16%
CO2 = 5%
N2= 78%

Question 11

Alveoli

Answer 11

exchange of gases occurs here, one cell layer thick so gases can diffuse easily

Question 12

tidal volume

Answer 12

amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath

Question 13

expiritory reserve volume (erv)

Answer 13

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 14

inspiratory reserve volume (irv)

Answer 14

amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation

Question 15

vital capacity (vc)

Answer 15

maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a full inhalation, calculated from irv, erv, tv (VC= IRV + ERV + TV)

Question 16

residual volume

Answer 16

amount of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

Question 17

partial pressure

Answer 17

the pressure a gas would have if it alone occupied the volume

Question 18

chemoreceptors

Answer 18

in the medulla oblongata, detect high levels of CO2. A nerve impulse is sent to intercostal muscles and diaphragm to increase breathing movements

Question 19

black lung

Answer 19

coal miners lung where continually exposed to coal dust resulting with permamnent damage to lung tissue (alveoli) and decreased gas exchange

Question 20

emphysema

Answer 20

caused by cigarette smoking. Destructing alveoli therefore harming gas exchange. Results in permanent enlargement of air sacs and loss of elasticity as they enlarge and push down on diaphragm making breathing hard.

Question 21

bronchitis

Answer 21

inflammation of lining of bronchioles from cold or other respiratory inflammations

Question 22

asthma

Answer 22

mucous constricts air ways, can result from sensitivity to environment irritants or emotional stress

Question 23

tuberculosis

Answer 23

infectious bacterial or viral infection that attacks resulting in growth of tuberculosis (nodules) on the lungs (most cases can be treated)

Question 24

pnuemonia

Answer 24

infection of lungs caused by bacterial or viral infection, medical attention usually necessary

Question 25

pleurisy

Answer 25

inflammation of pleural membrane

Question 26

anemia

Answer 26

insufficient oxygen carrying capacity due to low red blood cells, sickle cell, or low iron. RBC contain hemoglobin chemical which bonds to O2 (hemoglobin needs O2)

Question 27

pneumothorax

Answer 27

(collapsed lung) accumulation of air in pleural cavity. Can occur due to air leaking out of alveoli due to diseases in the chest that allowws atmospheric air to enter the thoraic cavity

Question 28

smooth muscle

Answer 28

visceral organs

Question 29

cardiac muscle

Answer 29

heart muscle

Question 30

skeletal muscle

Answer 30

attached to bone by tendons

Question 31

origin of muscle

Answer 31

muscle attatched to stationary bone

Question 32

insertion of muscle

Answer 32

muscle attatched to moving bone

Question 33

flexor

Answer 33

muscle that contracts to bend a joint

Question 34

extensor

Answer 34

muscle that contracts to straighten a muscle

Question 35

antagonistic muscle

Answer 35

muscles arranged in pairs and work against each other to make a joint move

Question 36

tendon

Answer 36

band of connective tissue that joins muscles to bones

Question 37

ligaments

Answer 37

bonds of connective tissues that hold bone to bone

Question 38

slow twitch fibres (dark)

Answer 38

more efficient at using oxygen -
- for continuos extended muscle contractions over a long period of time
- fire more slowly
- go a long time before fatigue
- smaller in diameter
- red in colour
- better blood supply
- more mitochondria
- more myoglobin

Question 39

fast twitch muscle fibers (light)

Answer 39

use anarobic metabolism to create fuel -
- (glycolysis is a form of ATP)
- speed of muscle contraction: rapidly contract to a specific distance over a short period of time
- complete relaxation to an immeadiete state of contraction (short bursts)
- fatigue more quickly
- same force as slow twitch but more rapidly
- white
- worse blood supply
- less mitochondria
- less myoglobin

Question 40

muscle fatigue

Answer 40

build up of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration and muscles fail to relax/contract