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Science > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic acids

A

found in nucleus as part of DNA and RNA, involved in protein synthesis

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2
Q

Organic compounds are composed of _________ which are __________ bonded to other monomers to form __________`

A

monomers, covalently, polymers

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3
Q

Forms of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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4
Q

What is a saccharide?

A

A sugar

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5
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • 1 unit
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
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6
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • 2 units
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
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7
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • many units
  • Starches
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
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8
Q

Know the structure of mono/di/poly saccharides

A

look at notes

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9
Q

Lipids

A

triaclyglycerides or triglycerides

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10
Q

What are the purposes of lipids?

A
  • energy storage
  • structural component in membranes (bilipid layer)
  • acts as a cushion for organs and insulator against cold
  • carries fat soluble vitamins
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11
Q

Examples of lipids

A

fats, oils, waxes

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12
Q

Know the structure of lipids

A

look at notes :)

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13
Q

Phospholipid

A

cell membrane component

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14
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • found in cell membrane
  • used to make hormones (sex hormones)
  • body obtains need cholestoral from fat consumed
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15
Q

Steroids (anabolic steroids)

A

chemicals produced by the body which act as chemical messenger, regulating cell functions

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16
Q

What is the purpose of proteins?

A
  • structural (cell membrane)
  • hormones and enzymes
  • movement (muscle proteins)
  • antibodies and pplasma proteins
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17
Q

Amino acids are joined in _________ bonds

A

peptide

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18
Q

True or false: Amino acids form in specific sequences that determine the shape and function of the protein within the cell, if it is misplaced, it can be detrimental.

A

True

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19
Q

Metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that occur within the body

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20
Q

Condensation/dehydration synthesis

A

chemical reactions that are anabolic and bond monomers to make polymers

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21
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

chemical reactions that are catabolic and break polymers into simpler units

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22
Q

Enzymes

A

protein catalysts that speed up the rate of reactions at low temperatures, reduces amount of energy to run reaction

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23
Q

Thermal energy _________ the rate of reaction

A

increases

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24
Q

Exergonic reactions

A
  • releases energy
  • products have less energy than reactants
  • exothermic = heat loss
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25
Q

Enxymes ________ the activation energy

A

decrease

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26
Q

Nucleases break down

A

nucleic acid

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27
Q

Sucrase hydrolysis breaks down

A

sucrase

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28
Q

Proteases break down

A

proteins

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29
Q

Lipases break down

A

lipids

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30
Q

Lock and Key model

A

look at notes

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31
Q

Induced fit model

A

look at notes

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32
Q

Cofactors

A

inorganic molecule assist enzymese in binding to the substrate

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33
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic molecules, vitamins that aid in binding the enzyme to the substrate

34
Q

True or false: Enzymes do not actually react, they just facilitate reactions

A

true

35
Q

Does pH effect reaction rate of different enzymes at different pH’s?

A

Yes. Enzyme pepsin works best in acidic pH (stomach acid) and enzymes trypsin works best in basic environment (intestine)

36
Q

Does a greater substrate concentration have a greater or lesser reaction rate?

A

greater

37
Q

Denature

A

temporary change in enzyme stucture/shape when bonds are disrupted due to factors such as pH/heat

38
Q

Coagulate

A

permanent destruction of enzyme

39
Q

Feedback inhibtion

A

spows down or stops a reaction

40
Q

Precursor activity

A

the activation of the last enzyme in a metabloic pathway by the initial substrate

41
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

A molecule with a shape complementry to the specific enzyme competed with the substrate for access to the active site on the enzyme and blocks chemical reaction

42
Q

Homeostasis

A

steady state, metabolic activities of an organism directed toward maintaining steady conditions

43
Q

Feedback systems

A

self-regulating systems using hormones or the nervous system to transmit messages

44
Q

Receptors

A

detect changes in internal and external environment

45
Q

Positive feedback

A

homeostatic processes that causes movement away from the normal state

46
Q

Negative feedback

A

hoeostatic processes that cause movement back to normal

47
Q

Ingestion

A

taking in nutrients

48
Q

Digestion

A

breakup of complex molecules into smaller units

49
Q

Absorption

A

monomers of chemical enter blood stream of body cells

50
Q

Egestion

A

removal of food waste

51
Q

Physical digestions

A

mechanical breakdown of large paarticles into smaller peices

52
Q

Chemical digestion

A

activity of enzymes chemically alters the food

53
Q

Salivary glands

A

secretes saliva which ocntains water and salivary amylase

54
Q

Esophagus

A

moves food to stomach through peristalsis

55
Q

Peristalsis

A

involuntary rythmic movement of smoothe muscles that line digestive tract

56
Q

Rugae

A

folds of the inner layer of the stomach that allow for expansion

57
Q

Gastrin

A

hormone produced to release gastric juices

58
Q

HCL (aq)

A

kills pathogens, activates pepsinogen

59
Q

Pepsinogen

A

activated to pepsin in the presence of HCL, breaks down protein polymers into smaller chains

60
Q

Mucin

A

thick mucuos that protects stomach lining from HCL

61
Q

Rennin (chymosin)

A

milk clotting, keeps milok protein, in stomach lining so enzymes can act on it

62
Q

What are the two main functionds of the small intestine?

A
  1. Final digestion of chemicals
  2. Primary site of absorption
63
Q

Villi

A

fingerlike projections inside small instestion

64
Q

Microvilli

A

fingerlike projections on the other edge of small intestine tissues

65
Q

Lacteals

A

lymph vessels inside of villi, absorb glycerol and fatty acids of fat digestion

66
Q

Capillary network

A

monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed directly into bloodstream

67
Q

Review different enzymes that act in small intestine

A

in notes :)

68
Q

Function of the large instestine

A
  1. absorption of water from materials passing through the intestine into the bloodstream
  2. Undigested material is pooped out
69
Q

Pancreas

A

funtions as an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland

70
Q

Exocrine

A

enzymes that travel via duct to site of activity

71
Q

Endocrine

A

hormones that travel via blood to site of activity

72
Q

Secretin

A

travels through blood and targets pancreas to produce HCO 3 which enters small intestine and neutralizes the chyme to protect the lining

73
Q

Insulin

A

converts glucose to gloycogen for storage

74
Q

Glucagon

A

converts glycogen to glucose

75
Q

How many functions does the liver have?

A

Over 500

76
Q

The liver produces ______ which is stored in the gallbladder

A

Emu lsification = breakdown large fat globules to increase surfaced area for enzyme activity

77
Q

Crohn’s disease

A
  • inflammtion of the digestive tract
  • autoimmune disorder
  • intestinal wall thickens
78
Q

Cirrhosis

A
  • scarring of liver which results in poor liver funtions
  • caused by hepititas and alcohol
  • irreversivle
  • may need liver transplant
79
Q

Jaundice

A
  • yellowish pigmentations of skin and eye from increased bilirubin in blood
80
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A
  • pancreas does not produce enough insulin to coonvert glucose to glycogen, blood glucose levels stay elevated

Science (12 decks)

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