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Biology 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

uses beam of electron that reflect off stained objects giving them a fine image [1 500 000x]

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2
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

3D image using electrons is created for living organisms

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3
Q

Confocal microscope

A

can view living tissue in 3D using lasers and computers to make image

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4
Q

Field of view (microscope)

A

what you see when you look through the microscope

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5
Q

Field diameter

A

the width of the field of view (measure in mm)

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6
Q

Ocular lens

A

helps magnify the image- the power of the lens is printed on the microscope

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7
Q

Objective lens

A

has 3 different powers to magnify image (4x, 10x, 40x)

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8
Q

Magnification formula

A

magnification= power of ocular lens x power of objective lens

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9
Q

New field of view diameter formula

A

low power field diameter (mm) / x (mm) = X power magnification/ low power mag

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10
Q

Scale formula

A

Scale= drawing diameter(mm) / Field of view diameter (mm)

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11
Q

Field of view size formula

A

Size= Field diameter/ # of times an object fits across

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12
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

the idea that life came from non-living matter, believed from BC to 1900s, Redi and Pasteur disproved this idea

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13
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living things are made up from one of more living cells 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life 3. Cells are made through cell division of other cells
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14
Q

Cells carry out the following processes

A
  • intake of nutrients
  • movement
  • growth
  • response to stimuli
  • exchange of gases
  • waste removal
  • reproduction
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15
Q

Organelles are

A

“little organs” that control specific attributes of the cell

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16
Q

Cell membrane

A

Acts as a barrier and controls what enters or leaves the cell

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17
Q

Cell wall

A

only found in plants, rigid frame to provide strength and support

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA- directs cellular activity
nuclear pore- openings that allow materials to move in and out
chromatin- fancy word for DNA- disorganised mess
nucleolus- controls what happens in the nucleus
nuclear membrane- barrier
nucleoplasm- gel-like solvent inside the nucleus

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

gel-like substance that suspends organelles and contains nutrients needed for the cell

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20
Q

Chloroplasts

A

only found in plants, site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll

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21
Q

Vacuoles

A

membrane bound sacs holding materials, plants have one large vacuole in water

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22
Q

Vesicles

A

membrane bound sacs that hold materials and transport, smaller than vacuoles

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23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

A

processes, produces, transports
RER- has ribosomes (gives rough appearance, produces proteins
SR- smooth appearance, produces fat and oils

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24
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • makes proteins, can be free or attached
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25
Q

Lysosomes

A

specialized vesicle that contains an enzyme that breaks down materials like bacteria and damaged organelles

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26
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

packaging materials produced by cell

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27
Q

Mitochondria

A

site for cellular respiration, makes the energy used by the cell

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28
Q

Main differences between plant and animal cells

A
  • plants have cell walls
  • plants have chloroplasts
  • plants have large water vacuoles
  • animals have centrioles (involved in cell division process)
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29
Q

Cell membrane

A

Barrier- only allows certain substances in and out, semipermeable/selectively permeable

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30
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

fluid because its constantly moving and changing, mosaic because its made up of different kinds of substances (phospholipids, proteins, cholestral)

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31
Q

Concentration gradient

A

the greater the difference in concentrations between two areas, the greater the movement from high to low, [ ] used to symbolize concentration

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32
Q

Passive transport

A

movement of particles along a concentration, movement from high to low that does NOT require energy

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33
Q

Diffusion

A

chemicals moving from high to low

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34
Q

Factors affecting diffusion

A
  • temperature, the higher the temp the faster the particles move
  • concentration, the more solute, the greater the diffusion rate
  • types of solute v.s. solvent, ex. fat will not diffuse through water
  • pressure, the greater the pressure, the more a chemical stays in solution
  • amount of solvent
35
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water from high to low across a membrane

36
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

movement of chemicals from [H] to [L] with the help of a carrier protein or channel protein

37
Q

Active transport

A

moves against a concentration gradient from [H] to [L] (up the slope, requires energy (ATP), help from a pump of protein needed

38
Q

Endocytosis

A

movement of particles into the cell

39
Q

Exocytosis

A

movement of particles out of the cell

40
Q

What do endocytosis and exocytosis both do?

A

they both move molecules that are too large to move through the other processes such as macromolecules and food particles, both use membrane bound sac to carry substances in and out of cells

41
Q

Isotonic solution

A

same amount of solute inside cell as out

42
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

solution outside cell have more solute than inside

43
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

solution inside cell has more solute than outside

44
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

larger than most prokaryotic cells- plants, prosists, fungi, animals, not all have cell walls, do have membrane bound organelles, has nucleus, unicellular or multicellular, has DNA, has ribosomes

45
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria or archaea, has DNA, has ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, unicellular

46
Q

The area that stores the sugars is called the _____

A

sink, the companion cells of the phloem provide the energy that the serve cells require for this moment

47
Q

Shoot system

A

includes everything above the ground, responsible for making sugars through photosynthesis and reproduction

48
Q

Root system

A

includes everything underground, are for water and nutrients to enter plants, also anchors plants

49
Q

Terminal bud

A

area of dividing cells

50
Q

Flower

A

reproduction

51
Q

Lateral bud

A

area of dividing cells

52
Q

Leaf

A

photosynthesis

53
Q

Root hair

A

increase surface area for max absorption of nutrients and water

54
Q

Dermal tissue/ epidermas

A

outer layer of cells that cover all non-woody plants, exchange of gases in shoot system and uptake of water and nutrients in root system

55
Q

Ground tissue

A

layer beneath the dermal tissue, functions:
- in stem - provides strength and support
- in roots- food and water storage
- in leaves- site of photosynthesis

56
Q

Palisade tissue

A

type of ground tissue found below the dermal tissue cells, long rigid, rectangular cells, tightly packed, site of photosynthesis, many chloroplasts found in these cells

57
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

type of ground tissue found between the palisade tissue cells and lower dermal tissue cells, loosely packed, irregularly shaped, less rigid, helps with gas exchange throughout leaf

58
Q

Vascular tissue

A

cells joined into tubes to transport nutrients and water throughout the plant, there are two types of vascular tissue, xylem and phloem

59
Q

Phloem

A

type of vascular tissue, transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from leaf to other parts of plants, made of sieve tube cells and companion tube cells

60
Q

Xylem

A

moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem, to the leaves for photosynthesis

61
Q

Vascular bundle (veins)

A

xylem and phloem in groups of bunches

62
Q

Meristems

A

growth area of the plant where mitosis occurs

63
Q

Root hairs

A

tiny hair-like projections, increase surface area for absorption of water

64
Q

Guard cells

A

specialized dermal cells that swell and contract to control gas exchange through a stoma, concentration gradients determine if the gases leave or enter, stomata are mostly located in the bottom of the leaf

65
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy substance on leaves and stoma produced by dermal cells, resist attack form micro-organisms and helps reduce water loss

66
Q

Upper epidermis

A

single protective layer on cells on top of leaf

67
Q

Spongy layer

A

loosely arranged photosynthetic cells below palisade layer (normally green)

68
Q

Lower epidermis

A

thin, protective single layer of cells along bottom edge of leaf

69
Q

Air space

A

large empty spaces within spongy layer

70
Q

Transpiration pull

A

water is like a string of beads as one water molecule leaves, another moves up to fill it’s space

71
Q

Veins bring up _______ and relocate ________

A

water, food

72
Q

Guard cells open and close to control amount of _______ _____

A

water loss

73
Q

What is it called when water leaves the leaf through the stomata?

A

transpiration

74
Q

Water travels up the stem through the _______

A

xylem

75
Q

Water with dissolved minerals rises due to ________ between other water molecules and ________ between water molecules and xylem cells

A

cohesion, adhesion

76
Q

Root pressure

A

high concentrations of minerals in root cause water to be pushed up into the roots creating an area of high pressure (root pressure)

77
Q

Minerals are brought into the roots through _______ transport

A

active

78
Q

Tropisms

A

Refers to movement of plant to stimuli

79
Q

Phototropism

A

movement of plants due light stimuli, stems exhibit positive phototropism because they grow towards the light, roots exhibit negative phototropism because they grow away from the light

80
Q

Gravitropism

A

movement due to Earth’s gravitational force, stems show negative gravitropism because they grow opposite the gravitational force, root show positive

81
Q

Translocation

A

moves sugars around the plant

82
Q

The area that sugar is made in the plant is called the ______

A

source

83
Q

Phloem moves sugars to ____ cells of the plants

A

all

84
Q

The companion cells of the phloem provide the energy that the sieve cells require for __________

A

translocation

Science (10 decks)

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