Biology 10 Flashcards
Transmission electron microscope
uses beam of electron that reflect off stained objects giving them a fine image [1 500 000x]
Scanning electron microscope
3D image using electrons is created for living organisms
Confocal microscope
can view living tissue in 3D using lasers and computers to make image
Field of view (microscope)
what you see when you look through the microscope
Field diameter
the width of the field of view (measure in mm)
Ocular lens
helps magnify the image- the power of the lens is printed on the microscope
Objective lens
has 3 different powers to magnify image (4x, 10x, 40x)
Magnification formula
magnification= power of ocular lens x power of objective lens
New field of view diameter formula
low power field diameter (mm) / x (mm) = X power magnification/ low power mag
Scale formula
Scale= drawing diameter(mm) / Field of view diameter (mm)
Field of view size formula
Size= Field diameter/ # of times an object fits across
Spontaneous generation
the idea that life came from non-living matter, believed from BC to 1900s, Redi and Pasteur disproved this idea
Cell theory
- All living things are made up from one of more living cells 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life 3. Cells are made through cell division of other cells
Cells carry out the following processes
- intake of nutrients
- movement
- growth
- response to stimuli
- exchange of gases
- waste removal
- reproduction
Organelles are
“little organs” that control specific attributes of the cell
Cell membrane
Acts as a barrier and controls what enters or leaves the cell
Cell wall
only found in plants, rigid frame to provide strength and support
Nucleus
contains DNA- directs cellular activity
nuclear pore- openings that allow materials to move in and out
chromatin- fancy word for DNA- disorganised mess
nucleolus- controls what happens in the nucleus
nuclear membrane- barrier
nucleoplasm- gel-like solvent inside the nucleus
Cytoplasm
gel-like substance that suspends organelles and contains nutrients needed for the cell
Chloroplasts
only found in plants, site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll
Vacuoles
membrane bound sacs holding materials, plants have one large vacuole in water
Vesicles
membrane bound sacs that hold materials and transport, smaller than vacuoles
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
processes, produces, transports
RER- has ribosomes (gives rough appearance, produces proteins
SR- smooth appearance, produces fat and oils
Ribosomes
- makes proteins, can be free or attached
Lysosomes
specialized vesicle that contains an enzyme that breaks down materials like bacteria and damaged organelles
Golgi apparatus
packaging materials produced by cell
Mitochondria
site for cellular respiration, makes the energy used by the cell
Main differences between plant and animal cells
- plants have cell walls
- plants have chloroplasts
- plants have large water vacuoles
- animals have centrioles (involved in cell division process)
Cell membrane
Barrier- only allows certain substances in and out, semipermeable/selectively permeable
Fluid mosaic model
fluid because its constantly moving and changing, mosaic because its made up of different kinds of substances (phospholipids, proteins, cholestral)
Concentration gradient
the greater the difference in concentrations between two areas, the greater the movement from high to low, [ ] used to symbolize concentration
Passive transport
movement of particles along a concentration, movement from high to low that does NOT require energy
Diffusion
chemicals moving from high to low
Factors affecting diffusion
- temperature, the higher the temp the faster the particles move
- concentration, the more solute, the greater the diffusion rate
- types of solute v.s. solvent, ex. fat will not diffuse through water
- pressure, the greater the pressure, the more a chemical stays in solution
- amount of solvent
Osmosis
movement of water from high to low across a membrane
Facilitated diffusion
movement of chemicals from [H] to [L] with the help of a carrier protein or channel protein
Active transport
moves against a concentration gradient from [H] to [L] (up the slope, requires energy (ATP), help from a pump of protein needed
Endocytosis
movement of particles into the cell
Exocytosis
movement of particles out of the cell
What do endocytosis and exocytosis both do?
they both move molecules that are too large to move through the other processes such as macromolecules and food particles, both use membrane bound sac to carry substances in and out of cells
Isotonic solution
same amount of solute inside cell as out
Hypertonic solution
solution outside cell have more solute than inside
Hypotonic solution
solution inside cell has more solute than outside
Eukaryotic cell
larger than most prokaryotic cells- plants, prosists, fungi, animals, not all have cell walls, do have membrane bound organelles, has nucleus, unicellular or multicellular, has DNA, has ribosomes
Prokaryotic cell
bacteria or archaea, has DNA, has ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, unicellular
The area that stores the sugars is called the _____
sink, the companion cells of the phloem provide the energy that the serve cells require for this moment
Shoot system
includes everything above the ground, responsible for making sugars through photosynthesis and reproduction
Root system
includes everything underground, are for water and nutrients to enter plants, also anchors plants
Terminal bud
area of dividing cells
Flower
reproduction
Lateral bud
area of dividing cells
Leaf
photosynthesis
Root hair
increase surface area for max absorption of nutrients and water
Dermal tissue/ epidermas
outer layer of cells that cover all non-woody plants, exchange of gases in shoot system and uptake of water and nutrients in root system
Ground tissue
layer beneath the dermal tissue, functions:
- in stem - provides strength and support
- in roots- food and water storage
- in leaves- site of photosynthesis
Palisade tissue
type of ground tissue found below the dermal tissue cells, long rigid, rectangular cells, tightly packed, site of photosynthesis, many chloroplasts found in these cells
Spongy mesophyll
type of ground tissue found between the palisade tissue cells and lower dermal tissue cells, loosely packed, irregularly shaped, less rigid, helps with gas exchange throughout leaf
Vascular tissue
cells joined into tubes to transport nutrients and water throughout the plant, there are two types of vascular tissue, xylem and phloem
Phloem
type of vascular tissue, transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from leaf to other parts of plants, made of sieve tube cells and companion tube cells
Xylem
moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem, to the leaves for photosynthesis
Vascular bundle (veins)
xylem and phloem in groups of bunches
Meristems
growth area of the plant where mitosis occurs
Root hairs
tiny hair-like projections, increase surface area for absorption of water
Guard cells
specialized dermal cells that swell and contract to control gas exchange through a stoma, concentration gradients determine if the gases leave or enter, stomata are mostly located in the bottom of the leaf
Cuticle
waxy substance on leaves and stoma produced by dermal cells, resist attack form micro-organisms and helps reduce water loss
Upper epidermis
single protective layer on cells on top of leaf
Spongy layer
loosely arranged photosynthetic cells below palisade layer (normally green)
Lower epidermis
thin, protective single layer of cells along bottom edge of leaf
Air space
large empty spaces within spongy layer
Transpiration pull
water is like a string of beads as one water molecule leaves, another moves up to fill it’s space
Veins bring up _______ and relocate ________
water, food
Guard cells open and close to control amount of _______ _____
water loss
What is it called when water leaves the leaf through the stomata?
transpiration
Water travels up the stem through the _______
xylem
Water with dissolved minerals rises due to ________ between other water molecules and ________ between water molecules and xylem cells
cohesion, adhesion
Root pressure
high concentrations of minerals in root cause water to be pushed up into the roots creating an area of high pressure (root pressure)
Minerals are brought into the roots through _______ transport
active
Tropisms
Refers to movement of plant to stimuli
Phototropism
movement of plants due light stimuli, stems exhibit positive phototropism because they grow towards the light, roots exhibit negative phototropism because they grow away from the light
Gravitropism
movement due to Earth’s gravitational force, stems show negative gravitropism because they grow opposite the gravitational force, root show positive
Translocation
moves sugars around the plant
The area that sugar is made in the plant is called the ______
source
Phloem moves sugars to ____ cells of the plants
all
The companion cells of the phloem provide the energy that the sieve cells require for __________
translocation
