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PHGY 210 > Respiration lecture 7 > Flashcards

Respiration lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What can the respiratory system be regarded as?

A

a pump with elastic and flow-resistive properties

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2
Q

What happens to the lungs and Ppl at rest?

A

The lungs are at FRC and the Ppl in negative due to the opposite forces acting on the lungs and chest wall.

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3
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and chest wall during inspiration?

A

the diagram contracts and the chest wall is pulled open
This creates a more negative Ppl that causes expansion of the lungs

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4
Q

During inspiration, flow is __

A

Negative

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5
Q

During expiration, flow is __

A

Positive

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6
Q

What is the formula for flow of breath?

A

F= (Palv-Patm)/R

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7
Q

The resting position of the lungs is below…

A

residual volume

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8
Q

As the lungs are pulled further away from their resting position, what happens to Ppl?

A

it becomes even more subatmospheric

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9
Q

(inspiration) As the volume of the lungs is ____, gas in the lungs is ____, Palv drops _____ atmospheric pressure.

A

increased
decompressed
below (Palv>Patm)

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10
Q

What generates air flow to the lungs during inspiration?

A

The negative pressure gradient between the alveoli and the atmosphere was created: during inspiration, Palv<Patm, the air will go from the atmosphere into the alveoli.

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11
Q

What happens to the pressure gradient and the air flow as inspiration proceeds?

A

the pressure gradient and the airflow gradually decrease

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12
Q

Why does air flow stop at the end of inspiration?

A

because Palv is equal to Patm (no more pressure gradient)

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13
Q

During expiration, the diaphragm _____, elastic recoil of the respiratory system ____ the gas in the lungs, and Palv ____.

A

relaxes
compresses
increases

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14
Q

What happens to the pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the lungs during expiration?

A

It becomes a positive (reversed), and the air in the lungs in pushed out into the atmosphere

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15
Q

What happens to Ppl as lung volume decreases during expiration?

A

is slowly returns to resting levels

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16
Q

What is the air flow, Palv and Ppl at the end of expiration?

A

Air flow: 0
Palv: 0
Ppl: back to negative resting pressure

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17
Q

What does the time course of changes in pleural pressure during inspiration and expiration depend on?

A

the contraction of respiratory muscles and airway resistance

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18
Q

What must occur in order to have gas flow through the airways?

A

Pao (oral pressure) must be different from Palv

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19
Q

What is the formula for the resistance of the airways to gas flow?

A

Raw = (Palv-Pao)/flow

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20
Q

A ___ diameter airway can carry a ___ flow for a given pressure difference.

A

large
large

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21
Q

What is airway resistance related to?

A

to airway calibre

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22
Q

What happens to airway resistance during asthma?

A

The resistance increases due to different factors and makes it difficult to breath

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23
Q

When a subject inspires to TLC and exhales to RV, during expiration, flow ___ very rapidly to a ___ value and then ___ over the rest of expiration.

A

rises
high
declines

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24
Q

Why is the descending portion of the flow-volume curve independent of effort?

A

because of the compression of the intrathoracic pressure
With resistance, the Palv pressure decreases along the airway and at some point goes lower than the Ppl pressure. At that point, the airways are squeezed and air flow can’t go any faster even with effort

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25
Q

What are the values of airway pressure and intrapleural pressure before inspiration?

A

-5 (negative)

26
Q

What happens to the airway pressure and intrapleural pressure during inspiration?

A

Airway pressure becomes more negative as well as the Ppl pressure

27
Q

What are the values of airway pressure and airway transmural pressure at the end of inspiration?

A

Ppl is more negative than usual ( -8), whereas the airways go back to zero

28
Q

What happens to the alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure during forced expiration?

A

the Ppl become positive because of the force exerted by the muscles but still remain lower than the airway pressure

The airway pressure is very high but decreases as it travels because of resistance: at some point, it goes lower than the Ppl pressure.

29
Q

Why is there a positive pressure tending to close the airways during forced expiration?

A

When the airway pressure gets lower than the Ppl pressure, it squeezes the airways

30
Q

Why does the positive pressure decrease when moving out of the lungs during forced expiration?

A

because of resistance

31
Q

What kind of recoil is found in restrictive diseases like pulmonary fibrosis?

A

The flow is greater: the stiff airways make it easy to breathe out (recoil) without getting squeezed

32
Q

What happens to the maximum flow rate and maximum volume exhaled in restrictive diseases?

A

They are both reduced

33
Q

What happens to the flow rate in obstructive diseases?

A

It is a very low flow rate

34
Q

What kind of recoil is found in obstructive diseases like emphysema?

A

There is minimal recoil because the alveoli are easily squeezed (floppy)

35
Q

What are the 7 steps of events during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
Thoracic cage expands
Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative
Transpulmonary pressure increases (gradient created)
Lungs expand
Alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric
Air flows into the alveoli

36
Q

What are the 8 steps of events during expiration?

A

The diaphragm and external intercostals relax
Chest wall moves inwards
Intrapleural pressure goes to pre-inspiratory value
Transpulmonary pressure goes to pre-inspiratory value
Lung recoil to pre-inspiratory volume
Air in the lungs is compressed
Alveolar pressure becomes greater than atm pressure
Aif lows out of the lungs

37
Q

What increases proportionally when exercise starts?

A

Minute ventilation: frequency and tidal volume

38
Q

What happens to tidal volume?

A

It increases proportionally until it plateaus at very high exercises levels

39
Q

What happens to ventilatory rates during hard exercise?

A

Breathing frequency keeps increasing proportionally to exercise levels

40
Q

Because of the increased breathing frequency, inspiratory and expiratory times ___ during progressive exercise but expiratory times fall relatively __ than inspiratory time.

A

decrease
more

41
Q

Which flow rate increases more?

A

The flow rate of expiration needs to change more than the flow rate for inspiration since they will reach about the same rate but start with the expiration being longer

42
Q

In both untrained and trained subjects, what increases linearly with metabolic rate?

A

Minutes ventilation

43
Q

How much does minute ventilation increase in both trained and untrained subjects?

A

increases to about 50-65%

44
Q

Minute ventilation ___ at a rate disproportionately ___ than the change in VO2.

A

increases
greater

45
Q

An effect of endurance training is to ___ the ventilatory inflection point.

A

delay

46
Q

How much can resting values of minute ventilation increase during exercise in a fit individual?

A

35 fold

47
Q

How much can resting values of cardiac output increase during exercise in a fit individual?

A

5-6 fold

48
Q

Which increases more during exercise; minute ventilation or perfusion?

A

minute ventilation

49
Q

What is one of the reasons why ventilation is not believed to limit aerobic performance?

A

There is more surface area for gas exchange in the lungs than in the blood

50
Q

What is the alveolar surface area?

A

50 m^2

51
Q

What is the average blood volume?

A

5L

52
Q

What percentage of blood volume is in the pulmonary system at any one time during maximal exercise?

A

4%

53
Q

What decreases the ventilatory response during exercise?

A

The dead space limits the gas exchanges possible during exercise ventilation

54
Q

What is asthma?

A

A constriction of the airways due to inflammation, cold, exercise, etc.

55
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

Difficulty breathing, having good airflow due to increased resistance

56
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Emphysema is a chronic lung condition where the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs are damaged, leading to difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen intake.

57
Q

What happens to airways in people with emphysema?

A

the airways become weakened and lose their elasticity. The walls of the air sacs (alveoli) break down, causing them to enlarge and reducing the surface area for gas exchange.This leads to airflow obstruction and difficulty exhaling air, making it harder to breathe.

58
Q

What happens to the lungs during emphysema?

A

the lungs lose their ability to expand and contract efficiently, making breathing increasingly difficult.

59
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, this scarring can reduce lung function

60
Q

ALVEOLAR PRESSURE CHANGES BECAUSE OF:

A

thoracic volume changes

PHGY 210 (8 decks)

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