Renal 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 functions of the kidneys? (name them, no description)
1- Regulation of water, inorganic ion balance, and acid-base balance
2- Removal of metabolic waste products from the blood and their excretion in the urine
3- Removal of foreign chemicals from the blood and their excretion in the urine
4- Production or hormones/ enzymes
What hormones/ enzymes can be made by the kidneys? what are their functions?
- Erythropoietin: controls erythrocytes production
- Renin: controls the formation of angiotensin to influence blood pressure and sodium balance
- 1,25 Vitamin D: Active form of VitaminD to influence calcium balance
What is the general position of kidneys?
Paired retroperitoneal organs on either side of the vertebral column
What is the important blood supply of the internal kidney?
- InterLOBAR artery: travels between medullas in the cortical columns
- Arcuate artery: travels between the cortex and the medulla
- InterLOBULAR artery: travels towards the surface of kidneys
- Afferent arterioles: feed into the nephrons
The nephron is the _________ of the kidney
Functioning unit
Each nephron has two important structures. What are they? what are the subdivision if there are any?
Renal Corpuscle
1. Glomerulus: capillary loops
2. Bowman’s capsule: space surrounding
Tubule (no subdivision)
What are the different parts of the bowman’s capsule?
Parietal layer
Space
Visceral layer, also called podocytes
What is an important feature of the visceral bowman’s capsule?
podocytes are the branching specialized epithelial cells that cover the capillary wall
What makes up the glomerular capillary wall/filtration barrier?
starting closest to the lumen:
Endothelial cells with fenestrations
Glomerular basement membrane
Visceral glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) connected by filtration slits
What are the consecutive segments of the nephron? Are they in the cortex or the medulla?
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus and B capsule) –> Cortex
Proximal tubule –> in both
Henle’s loop (descending thin, ascending thin, thick ascending) –> all in medulla, some thick in cortex
Distal convoluted tubule –> cortex
Collecting dust (cortical and medullary) –> both
Which structures are in the cortex?
Renal corpuscle (Glom and BC)
Part of the proximal tubule (convoluted)
Part of the thick ascending Henle’s loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Cortical collecting duct
Which structures are in the medulla?
Part of the proximal tubule (straight)
Descending and ascending (part of thick) Henle’s loop
Medullary collecting duct
What are the 3 main steps in urine formation and their contribution to excretion?
Glomerular filtration (+)
Tubular secretion (+)
Tubular reabsorption (-)
What is not filtrated in the glomeruli?
Cells and big proteins
What is a molecule that will be
- filtrated at the glomerulus
- all reabsorbed in the tubules
Glucose
What is a molecule that will be
- filtrated at the glomerulus
- mostly reabsorbed in the tubules
- the rest excreted
Na and water
What is a molecule that will be
- slightly filtrated at the glomerulus
- not reabsorbed in the tubules
- everything else secreted by tubules
- all excreted in tubules
PAH: para-amino hippurate
What are the 3 movements of excretion that can be subject to physiological regulation (rate varies)?
filtration, secretion and reabsorption
